On the Care to Be Had for the Dead

1

§ 1›

1. Long time, my venerable fellow-bishop Paulinus, have I been thy Holiness's debtor for an answer; even since thou wrotest to me by them of the household²⁷⁰⁸ of our most religious daughter Flora, asking of me whether it profit any man after death that his body is buried at the memorial of some Saint. This, namely, had the said widow begged of thee for her son deceased in those parts, and thou hadst written her an answer, consoling her, and announcing to her concerning the body of the faithful young man Cynegius, that the thing which she with motherly and pious affection desired was done, to wit, by placing it in the basilica of most blessed Felix the Confessor. Upon which occasion it came to pass, that by the same bearers of thy letter thou didst write also to me, raising the like question, and craving that I would answer what I thought of this matter, at the same time not forbearing to say what are thine own sentiments. For thou sayest that to thy thinking these be no empty motions of religious and faithful minds, which take this care for their deceased friends. Thou addest, moreover, that it cannot be void of effect²⁷⁰⁹ that the whole Church is wont to supplicate for the departed: so that hence it may be further conjectured that it doth profit a person after death, if by the faith of his friends for the interment of his body such a spot be provided wherein may be apparent the aid, likewise in this way sought, of the Saints.

2

‹§ 2›

2. But this being the case, how to this opinion that should not be contrary which the Apostle says, "For we shall all stand before the judgment-seat of Christ, that each may receive according to the things he hath done by the body,²⁷¹⁰ whether good or bad;"²⁷¹¹ this, thou signifiest, thou dost not well see. For this apostolic sentence doth before death admonish to be done, that which may profit after death; not then, first, when there is to be now a receiving of that which a person shall have done before death. True, but this question is thus solved, namely, that there is a certain kind of life by which is acquired, while one lives in this body, that it should be possible for these things to be of some help to the departed; and, consequently, it is "according to the things done by the body," that they are aided by the things which shall, after they have left the body, be religiously done on their behalf. For there are whom these things aid nothing at all, namely, when they are done either for persons whose merits are so evil, that neither by such things are they worthy to be aided; or for persons whose merits are so good, that of such things they have no need as aids. Of the kind of life, therefore, which each hath led by the body, doth it come, that these things profit or profit not, whatever are piously done on his behalf when he has left the body. For touching merit whereby these things profit, if none have been gotten in this life, it is in vain sought after this life. So it comes to pass as well that not unmeaningly²⁷¹² doth the Church, or care of friends, bestow upon the departed whatever of religion it shall be able; as also that, nevertheless, each receiveth "according to the things which he hath done by the body, whether it be good or bad," the Lord rendering unto each according to his works. For, that this which is bestowed should be capable of profiting him after the body, this was acquired in that life which he hath led in the body.

3

‹§ 3›

3. Possibly thy inquiry is satisfied by this my brief reply. But what other considerations move me, to which I think meet to answer, do thou for a short space attend. In the books of the Maccabees we read of sacrifice offered for the dead.²⁷¹³ Howbeit even if it were no where at all read in the Old Scriptures, not small is the authority, which in this usage is clear, of the whole Church, namely, that in the prayers of the priest which are offered to the Lord God at His altar, the Commendation of the dead hath also its place. But then, whether there be some profit accruing unto the soul of the dead from the place of its body, requires a more careful inquiry. And first, whether it make any difference in causing or increasing of misery after this life to the spirits of men if their bodies be not buried, this must be looked into, not in the light of opinion however commonly received, but rather of the holy writ of our religion. For we are not to credit that, as is read in Maro, the unburied are prohibited from navigating and crossing the infernal stream: because forsooth

"To none is giv'n to pass the hideous banks

And waters hoarse, ere in their meet abode

The bones have sunk to rest."²⁷¹⁴

Who can incline a Christian heart to these poetical and fabulous figments, when the Lord Jesus, to the intent that under the hands of their enemies, who should have their bodies in their power, Christians might lie down without a fear, asserts that not a hair of their head shall perish, exhorting that they should not fear them which when they have killed the body have nothing more that they can do?²⁷¹⁵ Of which in the first book "On the City of God," I have methinks enough spoken, to break the teeth in their mouths who, in imputing to Christian times the barbarous devastation, especially that which Rome has lately suffered, do cast up to us this also, that Christ did not there come to the succor of His own. To whom when it is answered that the souls of the faithful were, according to the merits of their faith, by Him taken into protection, they insult over us with talking of their corpses left unburied. All this matter, then, concerning burial I have in such words as these expounded.

4

‹§ 4›

4. "But" (say I) "in such a slaughter-heap of dead bodies, could they not even be buried? not this, either, doth pious faith too greatly dread, holding that which is foretold that not even consuming beasts will be an hindrance to the rising again of bodies of which not a hair of the head shall perish.²⁷¹⁶ Nor in any wise would Truth say, "Fear not them which kill the body, but cannot kill the soul;" if it could at all hinder the life to come whatever enemies might choose to do with the bodies of the slain. Unless haply any is so absurd as to contend that they ought not to be feared before death, lest they kill the body, but ought to be feared after death, lest, having killed the body, they suffer it not to be buried. Is that then false which Christ says, "Who kill the body, and afterwards have no more that they can do," if they have so great things that they can do on dead bodies? Far be the thought, that that should be false which Truth hath said. For the thing said is, that they do somewhat when they kill, because in the body there is feeling while it is in killing, but afterward they have nothing more that they can do because there is no feeling in the body when killed. Many bodies, then, of Christians the earth hath not covered: but none of them hath any separated from heaven and earth, the whole of which He filleth with presence of Himself, Who knoweth whence to resuscitate that which He created. It is said indeed in the Psalm, "The dead bodies of thy servants have they given for meat unto the fowls of the heaven, the flesh of thy saints unto the beasts of the earth: they have shed their blood like water round about Jerusalem, and there was no man to bury them:"²⁷¹⁷ but more to heighten the cruelty of them who did these things, not to the infelicity of them who suffered them. For, however, in sight of men these things may seem hard and dire, yet "precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of His saints."²⁷¹⁸ So, then, all these things, care of funeral, bestowal in sepulture, pomp of obsequies, are more for comfort of the living, than for help to the dead. If it at all profit the ungodly to have costly sepulture, it shall harm the godly to have vile sepulture or none. Right handsome obsequies in sight of men did that rich man who was clad in purple receive of the crowd of his housefolk; but far more handsome did that poor man who was full of sores obtain of the ministry of Angels; who bore him not out into a marble tomb, but into Abraham's bosom bore him on high.²⁷¹⁹ All this they laugh at, against whom we have undertaken to defend the City of God: but for all that their own philosophers, even, held care of sepulture in contempt; and often whole armies, while dying for their earthly country, cared not where they should after lie, or to what beasts they should become meat; and the poets had leave to say of this matter with applause

"though all unurn'd he lie,

His cov'ring is the overarching sky."²⁷²⁰

How much less ought they to make a vaunting about unburied bodies of Christians, to whom the flesh itself with all its members, re-fashioned, not only from the earth, but even from the other elements, yea, from their most secret windings, whereinto these evanished corpses have retired, is assured to be in an instant of time rendered back and made entire as at the first, according to His promise?

5

‹§ 5›

5. Yet it follows not that the bodies of the departed are to be despised and flung aside, and above all of just and faithful men, which bodies as organs and vessels to all good works their spirit hath holily used. For if a father's garment and ring, and whatever such like, is the more dear to those whom they leave behind, the greater their affection is towards their parents, in no wise are the bodies themselves to be spurned, which truly we wear in more familiar and close conjunction than any of our putting on. For these pertain not to ornament or aid which is applied from without, but to the very nature of man. Whence also the funerals of the just men of old were with dutiful piety cared for, and their obsequies celebrated, and sepulture provided:²⁷²¹ and themselves while living did touching burial or even translation of their bodies give charge to their sons. Tobias also, to have by burying of the dead obtained favor with God, is by witness of an Angel commended.²⁷²² The Lord Himself also, about to rise on the third day, both preaches, and commends to be preached, the good work of a religious woman, that she poured out a precious ointment over His limbs, and did it for His burial:²⁷²³ and they are with praise commemorated in the Gospel, who having received His Body from the cross did carefully and with reverend honor see it wound and laid in the sepulchre.²⁷²⁴ These authorities however do not put us upon thinking that there is in dead bodies any feeling; but rather, that the Providence of God (Who is moreover pleased with such offices of piety) doth charge itself with the bodies also of the dead, this they betoken, to the intent our faith of resurrection might be stayed up thereby. Where also is wholesomely learned, how great may be the reward for alms which we do unto the living and feeling, if not even that be lost before God, whatever of duty and of diligence is paid to the lifeless members of men. There are indeed also other things, which in speaking of the bestowal or removal of their bodies the holy Patriarchs willed to be understood as spoken by the prophetic Spirit: but this is not the place to treat thoroughly of these things, seeing that sufficeth which we have said. But if the lack of those things which are necessary for sustentation of the living, as food and clothing, however heavy affliction attend the lacking, do not break in good men the manly courage of bearing and enduring, nor eradicate piety from the mind, but by exercising make it more fruitful; how much more doth lack of those things which are wont to be applied for care of funerals and bestowal of bodies of the departed, not make them wretched, now that in the hidden abodes of the pious they are at rest! And therefore, when these things have to dead bodies of Christians in that devastation of the great City or of other towns also been lacking, there is neither fault of the living, who could not afford these things, nor pain of the dead who could not feel the same.²⁷²⁵ This is my opinion concerning the ground and reason of sepulture. Which I have therefore from another book of mine transferred to this, because it was easier to rehearse this, than to express the same matter in another way.

6

‹§ 6›

6. If this be true, doubtless also the providing for the interment of bodies a place at the Memorials of Saints, is a mark of a good human affection towards the remains of one's friends: since if there be religion in the burying, there cannot but be religion in taking thought where the burying shall be. But while it is desirable there should be such like solaces of survivors, for the showing forth of their pious mind towards their beloved, I do not see what helps they be to the dead save in this way: that upon recollection of the place in which are deposited the bodies of those whom they love, they should by prayer commend them to those same Saints, who have as patrons taken them into their charge to aid them before the Lord. Which indeed they would be still able to do, even though they were not able to inter them in such places. But then the only reason why the name Memorials or Monuments is given to those sepulchres of the dead which become specially distinguished, is that they recall to memory, and by putting in mind cause us to think of, them who by death are withdrawn from the eyes of the living, that they may not by forgetfulness be also withdrawn from men's hearts. For both the term Memorial²⁷²⁶ most plainly shews this, and Monument is so named from monishing, that is, putting in mind. For which reason the Greeks also call that mnemeion which we call a Memorial or Monument: because in their tongue the memory itself, by which we remember, is called mneme. When therefore the mind recollects where the body of a very dear friend lies buried, and thereupon there occurs to the thoughts a place rendered venerable by the name of a Martyr, to that same Martyr doth it commend the soul in affection of heartfelt recollection²⁷²⁷ and prayer. And when this affection is exhibited to the departed by faithful men who were most dear to them, there is no doubt that it profits them who while living in the body merited that such things should profit them after this life. But even if some necessity should through absence of all facility not allow bodies to be interred, or in such places interred, yet should there be no pretermitting of supplications for the spirits of the dead: which supplications, that they should be made for all in Christian and catholic fellowship departed, even without mentioning of their names, under a general commemoration, the Church hath charged herself withal; to the intent that they which lack, for these offices, parents or sons or whatever kindred or friends, may have the same afforded unto them by the one pious mother which is common to all. But if there were lack of these supplications, which are made with right faith and piety for the dead, I account that it should not a whit profit their spirits, howsoever in holy places the lifeless bodies should be deposited.

7

‹§ 7›

7. When therefore the faithful mother of a faithful son departed desired to have his body deposited in the basilica of a Martyr, forasmuch as she believed that his soul would be aided by the merits of the Martyr, the very believing of this was a sort of supplication, and this profited, if aught profited. And in that she recurs in her thoughts to this same sepulchre, and in her prayers more and more commends her son, the spirit of the departed is aided, not by the place of its dead body, but by that which springs from memory of the place, the living affection of the mother. For at once the thought, who is commended and to whom, doth touch, and that with no unprofitable emotion, the religious mind of her who prays. For also in prayer to God,²⁷²⁸ men do with the members of their bodies that which becometh suppliants, when they bend their knees, when they stretch forth their hands, or even prostrate themselves on the ground, and whatever else they visibly do, albeit their invisible will and heart's intention be known unto God, and He needs not these tokens that any man's mind should be opened unto Him: only hereby one more excites himself to pray and groan more humbly and more fervently. And I know not how it is, that, while these motions of the body cannot be made but by a motion of the mind preceding, yet by the same being outwardly in visible sort made, that inward invisible one which made them is increased: and thereby the heart's affection which preceded that they might be made, groweth because they are made. But still if any be in that way held, or even bound, that he is not able to do these things with his limbs, it does not follow that the inner man does not pray, and before the eyes of God in its most secret chamber, where it hath compunction, cast itself on the ground. So likewise, while it makes very much difference, where a person deposits the body of his dead, while he supplicates for his spirit unto God, because both the affection preceding chose a spot which was holy, and after the body is there deposited the recalling to mind of that holy spot renews and increases the affection which had preceded; yet, though he may not be able in that place which his religious mind did choose to lay in the ground him whom he loves, in no wise ought he to cease from necessary supplications in commending of the same. For wheresoever the flesh of the departed may lie or not lie, the spirit requires rest and must get it: for the spirit in its departing from thence took with it the consciousness without which it could make no odds how one exists, whether in a good estate or a bad: and it does not look for aiding of its life from that flesh to which it did itself afford the life which it withdrew in its departing, and is to render back in its returning; since not flesh to spirit, but spirit unto flesh procureth merit even of very resurrection, whether it be unto punishment or unto glory that it is to come to life again.

8

‹§ 8›

8. We read in the Ecclesiastical History which Eusebius wrote in Greek, and Ruffinus turned into the Latin tongue, of Martyr's bodies in Gaul exposed to dogs, and how the leavings of those dogs and bones of the dead were, even to uttermost consumption, by fire burned up; and the ashes of the same scattered on the river Rhone, lest any thing should be left for any sort whatever of memorial.²⁷²⁹ Which thing must be believed to have been to no other end divinely permitted, but that Christians should learn in confessing Christ, while they despise this life, much more to despise sepulture. For this thing, which with savage rage was done to the bodies of Martyrs, if it could any whit hurt them, to impair the blessed resting of their most victorious spirits, would assuredly not have been suffered to be done. In very deed therefore it was declared, that the Lord in saying, "Fear not them which kill the body, and afterward have no more that they can do,"²⁷³⁰ did not mean that He would not permit them to do any thing to the bodies of His followers when dead; but that whatever they might be permitted to do, nothing should be done that could lessen the Christian felicity of the departed, nothing thereof reach to their consciousness while yet living after death; nothing avail to the detriment, no, not even of the bodies themselves, to diminish aught of their integrity when they should rise again.

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‹§ 9›

9. And yet, by reason of that affection of the human heart, whereby "no man ever hateth his own flesh,"²⁷³¹ if men have reason to know that after their death their bodies will lack any thing which in each man's nation or country the wonted order of sepulture demandeth, it makes them sorrowful as men; and that which after death reacheth not unto them, they do before death fear for their bodies: so that we find in the Books of Kings, God by one prophet threatening another prophet who had transgressed His word, that his carcase should not be brought into the sepulchre of his fathers. Which the Scripture hath on this wise: "Thus saith the Lord, Because thou hast been disobedient to the mouth of the Lord, and hast not kept the charge which the Lord thy God commanded thee, and hast returned and eaten bread and drunk water in the place in which He commanded thee not to eat bread, nor drink water, thy carcase shall not be brought into the sepulchre of thy fathers."²⁷³² Now if in considering what account is to be made of this punishment, we go by the Gospel, where we have learned that after the slaying of the body there is no cause to fear lest the lifeless members should suffer any thing, it is not even to be called a punishment. But if we consider a man's human affection towards his own flesh, it was possible for him to be frightened or saddened, while living, by that of which he would have no sense when dead: and this was a punishment, because the mind was pained by that thing about to happen to its body, howsoever when it did happen it would feel no pain. To this intent, namely, it pleased the Lord to punish His servant, who not of his own contumacy had spurned to fulfill His command, but by deceit of another's falsehood thought himself to be obeying when he obeyed not. For it is not to be thought that he was killed by the teeth of the beast as one whose soul should be thence snatched away to the torments of hell: seeing that over his very body the same lion which had killed it did keep watch, while moreover the beast on which he rode was left unhurt, and along with that fierce beast did with intrepid presence stand there beside his master's corpse. By which marvellous sign it appeareth, that the man of God was, say rather, checked temporally even unto death, than punished after death. Of which matter, the Apostle when on account of certain offenses he had mentioned the sicknesses and deaths of many, says, "For if we would judge ourselves, we should not be judged of the Lord. But when we are judged we are chastened of the Lord, that we may not be condemned with the world."²⁷³³ That Prophet, truly, the very man who had beguiled him, did with much respect bury in his own tomb, and took order for his own burying beside his bones: in hope that thereby his own bones might be spared, when, according to the prophecy of that man of God, Josiah king of Judah did in that land disinter the bones of many dead, and with the same bones defile the sacrilegious altars which had been set up for the graven images. For he spared that tomb in which lay the prophet who more than three hundred years before predicted those things, and for his sake neither was the sepulture of him who had seduced him violated. By that affection namely, which causes that no man ever hateth his own flesh, this man had taken forethought for his carcase, who had slain with a lie his own soul. By reason then of this, the natural love which every man hath for his own flesh, it was both to the one a punishment to learn that he should not be in the sepulchre of his fathers, and to the other a care to take order beforehand that his own bones should be spared, if he should lie beside him whose sepulchre no man should violate.

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‹§ 10›

10. This affection the Martyrs of Christ contending for the truth did overcome: and it is no marvel that they despised that whereof they should, when death was overpast, have no feeling, when they could not by those tortures, which while alive they did feel, be overcome. God was able, no doubt, (even as He permitted not the lion when it had slain the Prophet, to touch his body further, and of a slayer made it to be a keeper): He was able, I say, to have kept the slain bodies of His own from the dogs to which they had been flung; He was able in innumerable ways to have deterred the rage of the men themselves, that to burn the carcases, to scatter the ashes, they should not dare: but it was fit that this experience also should not be lacking to manifold variety of temptations, lest the fortitude of confession which would not for the saving of the life of the body give way to the savageness of persecution, should be tremblingly anxious for the honor of a sepulchre: in a word, lest faith of resurrection should dread the consuming of the body. It was fit then, that even these things should be permitted, in order that, even after these examples of so great horror, the Martyrs, fervent in confession of Christ, should become witnesses of this truth also, in which they had learned that they by whom their bodies should be slain had after that no more that they could do.²⁷³⁴ Because, whatever they should do to dead bodies, they would after all do nothing, seeing that in flesh devoid of all life, neither was it possible for him to feel aught who had thence departed, nor for Him to lose aught thereof, Who created the same. But while these things were doing to the bodies of the slain, albeit the Martyrs, not frightened by them, did with great fortitude suffer, yet among the brethren was there exceeding sorrow, because there was given them no means of paying the last honors to the remains of the Saints, neither secretly to withdraw any part thereof, (as the same history testifies,) did the watchings of cruel sentinels permit. So, while those which had been slain, in the tearing asunder of their limbs, in the burning up of their bones, in the dispersion of their ashes, could feel no misery; yet these who had nothing of them that they could bury, did suffer torture of exceeding grief in pitying them; because what those did in no sort feel, these in some sort did feel for them, and where was henceforth for those no more suffering, yet these did in woful compassion suffer for them.

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‹§ 11›

11. In regard to that woful compassion which I have mentioned, are those praised, and by king David blessed, who to the dry bones of Saul and Jonathan afforded mercy of sepulture.²⁷³⁵ But yet what mercy is that, which is afforded to them that have feeling of nothing? Or haply is this to be challenged back to that conceit of an infernal river which men unburied were not able to pass over? Far be this from the faith of Christians: else hath it gone most ill with so great a multitude of Martyrs, for whom there could be no burying of their bodies, and Truth did cheat them when It said, "Fear not them which kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do,"²⁷³⁶ if these have been able to do to them so great evils, by which they were hindered to pass over to the places which they longed for. But, because this without all doubt is most false, and it neither any whit hurts the faithful to have their bodies denied sepulture, nor any whit the giving of sepulture unto infidels advantageth them; why then are those who buried Saul and his son said to have done mercy, and for this are blessed by that godly king, but because it is a good affection with which the hearts of the pitiful are touched, when they grieve for that in the dead bodies of other men, which, by that affection through which no man ever hateth his own flesh, they would not have done after their own death to their own bodies; and what they would have done by them when they shall have no more feeling, that they take care to do by others now having no feeling while themselves have yet feeling?

12

‹§ 12›

12. Stories are told of certain appearances or visions,²⁷³⁷ which may seem to bring into this discussion a question which should not be slighted. It is said, namely, that dead men have at times either in dreams or in some other way appeared to the living who knew not where their bodies lay unburied, and have pointed out to them the place, and admonished that the sepulture which was lacking should be afforded them. These things if we shall answer to be false, we shall be thought impudently to contradict the writings of certain faithful men, and the senses of them who assure us that such things have happened to themselves. But it is to be answered, that it does not follow that we are to account the dead to have sense of these things, because they appear in dreams to say or indicate or ask this. For living men do also appear ofttimes to the living as they sleep, while they themselves know not that they do appear; and they are told by them, what they dreamed, namely, that in their dream the speakers saw them doing or saying something. Then if it may be that a person in a dream should see me indicating to him something that has happened or even foretelling something about to happen, while I am perfectly unwitting of the thing and altogether regardless not only what he dreams, but whether he is awake while I am asleep, or he asleep while I am awake, or whether at one and the same time we are both awake or asleep, at what time he has the dream in which he sees me: what marvel if the dead be unconscious and insensible of these things, and, for all that, are seen by the living in their dreams, and say something which those on awaking find to be true? By angelical operations, then, I should think it is effected, whether permitted from above, or commanded, that they seem in dreams to say something about burying of their bodies, when they whose the bodies are are utterly unconscious of it. Now this is sometimes serviceably done; whether for some sort of solace to the survivors, to whom pertain those dead whose likenesses²⁷³⁸ appear to them as they dream; or whether that by these admonitions the human race may be made to have regard to humanity of sepulture, which, allow that it be no help to the departed, yet is there culpable irreligiousness in slighting of it. Sometimes however, by fallacious visions,²⁷³⁹ men are cast into great errors, who deserve to suffer this. As, if one should see in a dream, what Æneas by poetic falsity is told to have seen in the world beneath: and there should appear to him the likeness of some unburied man, which should speak such words as Palinurus is said to have spoken to him; and when he awakes, he should find the body in that place where he heard say while dreaming, that it lay unburied, and was admonished and asked to bury it when found; and because he finds this to be true, should believe that the dead are buried on purpose that their souls may pass to places from which he dreamed that the souls of men unburied are by an infernal law prohibited: does he not, in believing all this, exceedingly swerve from the path of truth?

13

‹§ 13›

13. Such, however, is human infirmity, that when in a dream a person shall see a dead man, he thinks it is the soul that he sees: but when he shall in like manner dream of a living man, he has no doubt that it is not a soul nor a body, but the likeness of a man that has appeared to him: just as if it were not possible in regard of dead men, in the same sort unconscious of it, that it should not be their souls, but their likenesses that appear to the sleepers. Of a surety, when we were at Milan, we heard tell of a certain person of whom was demanded payment of a debt, with production of his deceased father's acknowledgment,²⁷⁴⁰ which debt unknown to the son the father had paid, whereupon the man began to be very sorrowful, and to marvel that his father while dying did not tell him what he owed when he also made his will. Then in this exceeding anxiousness of his, his said father appeared to him in a dream, and made known to him where was the counter²⁷⁴¹ acknowledgment by which that acknowledgment was cancelled. Which when the young man had found and showed, he not only rebutted the wrongful claim of a false debt, but also got back his father's note²⁷⁴² of hand which the father had not got back when the money was paid. Here then the soul of a man is supposed to have had care for his son, and to have come to him in his sleep, that, teaching him what he did not know, he might relieve him of a great trouble. But about the very same time as we heard this, it chanced at Carthage that the rhetorician Eulogius, who had been my disciple in that art, being (as he himself, after our return to Africa, told us the story) in course of lecturing to his disciples on Cicero's rhetorical books, as he looked over the portion of reading which he was to deliver on the following day, fell upon a certain passage, and not being able to understand it, was scarce able to sleep for the trouble of his mind: in which night, as he dreamed, I expounded to him that which he did not understand; nay, not I, but my likeness, while I was unconscious of the thing, and far away beyond the sea, it might be, doing, or it might be dreaming, some other thing, and not in the least caring for his cares. In what way these things come about, I know not: but in what way soever they come, why do we not believe it comes in the same way for a person in a dream to see a dead man, as it comes that he sees a living man? both, no doubt, neither knowing nor caring who, or where, or when, dreams of their images.

14

‹§ 14›

14. Like dreams, moreover, are also some visions of persons awake, who have had their senses troubled, such as phrenetic persons, or those who are mad in any way: for they too talk to themselves just as though they were speaking to people verily present, and as well with absent as with present, whose images they perceive, whether persons living or dead. But just as they which live, are unconscious that they are seen of them and talk with them; for indeed they are not really themselves present, or themselves make speeches, but through troubled senses, these persons are wrought upon by such-like imaginary visions; just so they also who have departed this life, to persons thus affected appear as present, while they be absent, and whether any man sees them in regard of their image,²⁷⁴³ are themselves utterly unconscious.

15

‹§ 15›

15. Similar to this is also that condition when persons, with their senses more profoundedly in abeyance than is the case in sleep, are occupied with the like visions. For to them also appear images of quick and dead; but then, when they return to their senses, whatever dead they say they have seen are thought to have been verily with them: and they who hear these things pay no heed to the circumstance that there were seen in like manner the images of certain living persons, absent and unconscious. A certain man by name Curma, of the municipal town of Tullium, which is hard by Hippo, a poor member of the Curia,²⁷⁴⁴ scarcely competent to serve the office of a duumvir²⁷⁴⁵ of that place, and a mere rustic, being ill, and all his senses entranced, lay all but dead for several days: a very slight breathing in his nostrils, which on applying the hand was just felt, and barely betokened that he lived, was all that kept him from being buried for dead. Not a limb did he stir, nothing did he take in the way of sustenance, neither in the eyes nor in any other bodily sense was he sensible of any annoyance that impinged upon them. Yet he was seeing many things like as in a dream, which, when at last after a great many days he woke up, he told that he had seen. And first, presently after he opened his eyes, Let some one go, said he, to the house of Curma the smith, and see what is doing there. And when some one had gone thither, the smith was found to have died in that moment that the other had come back to his senses, and, it might almost be said, revived from death. Then, as those who stood by eagerly listened, he told them how the other had been ordered to be had up, when he himself was dismissed; and that he had heard it said in that place from which he had returned, that it was not Curma of the Curia, but Curma the smith who had been ordered to be fetched to that place of the dead. Well, in these dream-like visions of his, among those deceased persons whom he saw handled according to the diversity of their merits, he recognized also some whom he had known when alive. That they were the very persons themselves I might perchance have believed, had he not in the course of this seeming dream of his seen also some who are alive even to this present time, namely, some clerks of his district, by whose presbyter there he was told to be baptized at Hippo by me, which thing he said had also taken place. So then he had seen a presbyter, clerks, myself, persons, to wit, not yet dead, in this vision in which he afterwards also saw dead persons. Why may he not be thought to have seen these last in the same way as he saw us? that is, both the one sort, and the other, absent and unconscious, and consequently not the persons themselves, but similitudes of them just as of the places? He saw, namely, both a plot of ground where was that presbyter with the clerks, and Hippo where he was by me seemingly baptized: in which spots assuredly he was not, when he seemed to himself to be there. For what was at that time going on there, he knew not: which, without doubt, he would have known if he had verily been there. The sights beheld, therefore, were those which are not presented in the things themselves as they are, but shadowed forth in a sort of images of the things. In fine, after much that he saw, he narrated how he had, moreover, been led into Paradise, and how it was there said to him, when he was thence dismissed to return to his own family, "Go, be baptized, if thou wilt be in this place of the blessed." Thereupon, being admonished to be baptized by me, he said it was done already. He who was talking with him replied, "Go, be truly baptized; for that thou didst but see in the vision." After this he recovered, went his way to Hippo. Easter was now approaching, he gave his name among the other Competents, alike with very many unknown to us; nor did he care to make known the vision to me or to any of our people. He was baptized, at the close of the holy days he returned to his own place. After the space of two years or more, I learned the whole matter; first, through a certain friend of mine and his at my own table, while we were talking about some such matters: then I took it up, and made the man in his own person tell me the story, in the presence of some honest townsmen of his attesting the same, both concerning his marvellous illness, how he lay all but dead for many days, and about that other Curma the smith, what I have mentioned above, and about all these matters; which, while he was telling me, they recalled to mind, and assured me, that they had also at that time heard them from his lips. Wherefore, just as he saw his own baptism, and myself, and Hippo, and the basilica, and the baptistery, not in the very realities, but in a sort of similitudes of the things; and so likewise certain other living persons, without consciousness on the part of the same living persons: then why not just so those dead persons also, without consciousness on the part of the same dead persons?

16

‹§ 16›

16. Why should we not believe these to be angelic operations through dispensation of the providence of God, Who maketh good use of both good things and evil, according to the unsearchable depth of His judgments? whether thereby the minds of mortals be instructed, or whether deceived; whether consoled, or whether terrified: according as unto each one there is to be either a showing of mercy, or a taking of vengeance, by Him to Whom, not without a meaning, the Church doth sing "of mercy and of judgment."²⁷⁴⁶ Let each, as it shall please him, take what I say. If the souls of the dead took part in the affairs of the living, and if it were their very selves that, when we see them, speak to us in sleep; to say nothing of others, there is my own self, whom my pious mother would no night fail to visit, that mother who by land and sea followed me that she might live with me. Far be the thought that she should, by a life more happy, have been made cruel, to that degree that when any thing vexes my heart she should not even console in his sadness the son whom she loved with an only love, whom she never wished to see mournful. But assuredly that which the sacred Psalm sings in our ears, is true; "Because my father and my mother have forsaken me, but the Lord hath taken me up."²⁷⁴⁷ Then if our parents have forsaken us, how take they part in our cares and affairs? But if parents do not, who else are there of the dead who should know what we are doing, or what we suffer? Isaiah the Prophet says, "For Thou art our Father: because Abraham hath not known us, and Israel is not cognizant of us."²⁷⁴⁸ If so great Patriarchs were ignorant what was doing towards the People of them begotten, they to whom, believing God, the People itself to spring from their stock was promised; how are the dead mixed up with affairs and doings of the living, either for cognizance or help? How say we that those were favored who deceased ere the evils came which followed hard upon the decease, if also after death they feel whatever things befall in the calamitousness of human life? Or haply do we err in saying this, and in accounting them to be quietly at rest whom the unquiet life of the living makes solicitous? What then is that which to the most godly king Josias God promised as a great benefit, that he should first die, that he might not see the evils which He threatened should come to that place and People? Which words of God are these: "Thus saith the Lord God of Israel: concerning My words which thou hast heard, and didst fear before My face when thou didst hear what I have spoken concerning this place and them which dwell therein, that it should be forsaken and under a curse; and hast rent thy garments, and wept before Me, and I have heard thee, saith the Lord of Sabaoth: not so; behold, I will add thee unto thy fathers, and thou shalt be added unto them in peace; and thine eyes shall not see all the evils which I am bringing upon this place and upon them that dwell therein."²⁷⁴⁹ He, frightened by God's comminations, had wept, and rent his garments, and is made, by hastening on of his death, to be without care of all future evils, because he should so rest in peace, that all those things he should not see. There then are the spirits of the departed, where they see not whatever things are doing, or events happening, in this life to men. Then how do they see their own graves, or their own bodies, whether they lie cast away, or buried? How do they take part in the misery of the living, when they are either suffering their own evils, if they have contracted such merits; or do rest in peace, as was promised to this Josiah, where they undergo no evils, either by suffering themselves, or by compassionate suffering with others, freed from all evils which by suffering themselves or with others while they lived here they did undergo?

17

‹§ 17›

17. Some man may say: "If there be not in the dead any care for the living, how is it that the rich man, who was tormented in hell, asked father Abraham to send Lazarus to his five brothers not as yet dead, and to take course with them, that they should not come themselves also into the same place of torments?"²⁷⁵⁰ But does it follow, that because the rich man said this, he knew what his brethren were doing, or what they were suffering at that time? Just in that same way had he care for the living, albeit what they were doing he wist not at all, as we have care for the dead, albeit what they do we confessedly wot not. For if we cared not for the dead, we should not, as we do, supplicate God on their behalf. In fine, Abraham did not send Lazarus, and also answered, that they have here Moses and the Prophets, whom they ought to hear that they might not come to those torments. Where again it occurs to ask, how it was that what was doing here, father Abraham himself wist not, while he knew that Moses and the Prophets are here, that is, their books, by obeying which men should escape the torments of hell: and knew, in short, that rich man to have lived in delights, but the poor man Lazarus to have lived in labors and sorrows? For this also he says to him; "Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime hast received good things, but Lazarus evil things." He knew then these things which had taken place of course among the living, not among the dead. True, but it may be that, not while the things were doing in their lifetime, but after their death, he learned these things, by information of Lazarus: that it be not false which the Prophet saith, "Abraham hath not known us."²⁷⁵¹

18

‹§ 18›

18. So then we must confess that the dead indeed do not know what is doing here, but while it is in doing here: afterwards, however, they hear it from those who from hence go to them at their death; not indeed every thing, but what things those are allowed to make known who are suffered also to remember these things; and which it is meet for those to hear, whom they inform of the same. It may be also, that from the Angels, who are present in the things which are doing here, the dead do hear somewhat, which for each one of them to hear He judgeth right to Whom all things are subject. For were there not Angels, who could be present in places both of quick and dead, the Lord Jesus had not said, "It came to pass also that the poor man died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom."²⁷⁵² Therefore, now here, now there, were they able to be, who from hence bore thither whom God willed. It may be also, that the spirits of the dead do learn some things which are doing here, what things it is necessary that they should know, and what persons it is necessary should know the same, not only things past or present, but even future, by the Spirit of God revealing them: like as not all men, but the Prophets while they lived here did know, nor even they all things, but only what things to be revealed to them the providence of God judged meet. Moreover, that some from the dead are sent to the living, as, on the other hand, Paul from the living was rapt into Paradise, divine Scripture doth testify.²⁷⁵³ For Samuel the Prophet, appearing to Saul when living, predicted even what should befall the king:²⁷⁵⁴ although some think it was not Samuel himself, that could have been by magical arts evoked, but that some spirit, meet for so evil works, did figure his semblance:²⁷⁵⁵ though the book Ecclesiasticus, which Jesus, son of Sirach, is reputed to have written, and which on account of some resemblance of style is pronounced to be Solomon's,²⁷⁵⁶ contains in the praise of the Fathers, that Samuel even when dead did prophesy. But if this book be spoken against from the canon of the Hebrews,²⁷⁵⁷ (because it is not contained therein,) what shall we say of Moses, whom certainly we read both in Deuteronomy to have died,²⁷⁵⁸ and in the Gospel to have, together with Elias who died not, appeared unto the living?²⁷⁵⁹

19

‹§ 19›

19. Hence too is solved that question, how is it that the Martyrs, by the very benefits which are given to them that pray, indicate that they take an interest in the affairs of men, if the dead know not what the quick are doing. For not only by effects of benefits, but in the very beholding of men, it is certain,²⁷⁶⁰ that the Confessor Felix (whose denizenship among you thou piously lovest) appeared when the barbarians were attacking Nola, as we have heard not by uncertain rumors, but by sure witnesses. But such things are of God exhibited, far otherwise than as the usual order hath itself, unto each kind of creatures apportioned. For it does not follow because water was, when it pleased the Lord, in a moment changed into wine, that we are not to regard the worth and efficacy of water in the proper order of the elements, as distinct from the rarity, or rather singularity, of that divine work: nor because Lazarus rose again, therefore that every dead man rises when he will; or that a lifeless man is raised up by a living, in the same way as a sleeping man by one who is awake. Other be the limits of human things, other the signs of divine virtues: other they be that are naturally, other that be miraculously done: albeit both unto nature God is present that it may be, and unto miracles nature is not lacking. We are not to think then, that to be interested in the affairs of the living is in the power of any departed who please, only because to some men's healing or help the Martyrs be present: but rather we are to understand that it must needs be by a Divine power that the Martyrs are interested in affairs of the living, from the very fact that for the departed to be by their proper nature interested in affairs of the living is impossible.

20

‹§ 20›

20. Howbeit it is a question which surpasses the strength of my understanding, after what manner the Martyrs aid them who by them, it is certain, are helped; whether themselves by themselves be present at the same time in so different places, and by so great distance lying apart one from another, either where their Memorials are, or beside their Memorials, wheresoever they are felt to be present: or whether, while they themselves, in a place congruous with their merits, are removed from all converse with mortals, and yet do in a general sort pray for the needs of their suppliants, (like as we pray for the dead, to whom however we are not present, nor know where they be or what they be doing,) God Almighty, Who is every where present, neither bounded in²⁷⁶¹ with us nor remote from us, hearing and granting the Martyrs' prayers, doth by angelic ministries every where diffused afford to men those solaces, to whom in the misery of this life He seeth meet to afford the same, and, touching His Martyrs, doth where He will, when He will, how He will, and chiefest through their Memorials, because this He knoweth to be expedient for us unto edifying of the faith of Christ for Whose confession they suffered, by marvellous and ineffable power and goodness cause their merits to be had in honor. A matter is this, too high that I should have power to attain unto it, too abstruse that I should be able to search it out; and therefore which of these two be the case, or whether perchance both one and the other be the case, that sometimes these things be done by very presence of the Martyrs, sometimes by Angels taking upon them the person of the Martyrs, I dare not define; rather would I seek this at them who know it. For it is not to be thought that no man knows these things: (not indeed he who thinks he knows, and knows not,) for there be gifts of God, Who bestows on these some one, on those some other, according to the Apostle who says, that "to each one is given the manifestation of the Spirit to profit withal; to one²⁷⁶² indeed," saith he, "is given by the Spirit discourse of wisdom; to another²⁷⁶³ discourse of science according to the same Spirit; while to another²⁷⁶⁴ faith in the same Spirit; to another²⁷⁶⁵ the gift of healings in one Spirit; to one²⁷⁶⁶ workings of miracles; to one²⁷⁶⁷ prophecy; to one²⁷⁶⁸ discerning of spirits; to one²⁷⁶⁹ kinds of tongues; to one²⁷⁷⁰ interpretation of discourses. But all these worketh one and the same spirit, dividing to every man severally as He will."²⁷⁷¹ Of all these spiritual gifts, which the Apostle hath rehearsed, to whomsoever is given discerning of spirits, the same knoweth these things as they are meet to be known.

21

‹§ 21›

21. Such, we may believe, was that John the Monk, whom the elder Theodosius, the Emperor, consulted concerning the issue of the civil war: seeing he had also the gift of prophecy. For that not each several person has a several one of those gifts, but that one man may have more gifts than one, I make no question. This John, then, when once a certain most religious woman desired to see him, and to obtain this did through her husband make vehement entreaty, refused indeed this request because he had never allowed this to women, but "Go," said he, "tell thy wife, she shall see me this night, but in her sleep." And so it came to pass: and he gave her advice, whatever was meet to be given to a wedded believing woman. And she, on her awaking, made known to her husband that she had seen a man of God, such as he knew him to be, and what she had been told by him. The person who learned this from them, reported it to me, a grave man and a noble, and most worthy to be believed. But if I myself had seen that holy monk, because (it is said) he was most patient in hearing questions and most wise in answering, I would have sought of him, as touching our question, whether he himself came to that woman in sleep, that is to say, his spirit in the form of his body, just as we dream that we see ourselves in the form of our own body; or whether, while he himself was doing something else, or, if asleep, was dreaming of something else, it was either by an Angel or in some other way that such vision took place in the woman's dream; and that it would so be, as he promised, he himself foreknew by the Spirit of prophecy revealing the same. For if he was himself present to her in her dream, of course it was by miraculous grace that he was enabled so to do, not by nature; and by God's gift, not by faculty of his own. But if, while he was doing some other thing or sleeping and occupied with other sights, the woman saw him in her sleep, then doubtless some such thing took place, as that is which we read in the Acts of the Apostles, where the Lord Jesus speaks to Ananias concerning Saul,²⁷⁷² and informs him that Saul has seen Ananias coming unto him, while Ananias himself wist not of it. The man of God would make answer to me of these things as the case might be, and then about the Martyrs I should go on to ask of him, whether they be themselves present in dreams, or in whatever other way to those who see them in what shape they will; and above all when the demons in men confess themselves tormented by the Martyrs, and ask them to spare them; or whether these things be wrought through angelic powers, to the honor and commendation of the Saints for men's profit, while those are in supreme rest, and wholly free for other far better sights, apart from us, and praying for us. For it chanced at Milan at (the tomb of) the holy Martyrs Protasius and Gervasius, that Ambrose the bishop, at that time living, being expressly named, in like manner as were the dead whose names they were rehearsing, the demons confessed him and besought him to spare them, he being the while otherwise engaged, and when this was taking place, altogether unwitting of it. Or whether indeed these things are wrought, somewhiles by very presence of the Martyrs, otherwhiles by that of Angels; and whether it be possible, or by what tokens possible, for us to discriminate these two cases; or whether to perceive and to judge of these things none be able, but he which hath that gift through God's Spirit, "dividing unto every man severally as He will:"²⁷⁷³ the same John, methinks, would discourse to me of all these matters, as I should wish; that either by his teaching I might learn, and what I should be told should know to be true and certain; or I should believe what I knew not, upon his telling me what things he knew. But if peradventure he should make answer out of holy Scripture, and say, "Things higher than thou, seek thou not; and things stronger than thou, search thou not; but what the Lord hath commanded thee, of those things bethink thee alway:"²⁷⁷⁴ this also I should thankfully accept. For it is no small gain if, when any things are obscure and uncertain to us, and we not able to comprehend them, it be at any rate clear and certain that we are not to seek them; and what thing each one wishes to learn, accounting it to be profitable that he should know it, he should learn that it is no harm that he know it not.

22

‹§ 22›

22. Which things being so, let us not think that to the dead for whom we have a care, any thing reaches save what by sacrifices either of the altar, or of prayers, or of alms, we solemnly supplicate: although not to all for whom they are done be they profitable, but to them only by whom while they live it is obtained that they should be profitable. But forasmuch as we discern not who these be, it is meet to do them for all regenerate persons, that none of them may be passed by to whom these benefits may and ought to reach. For better it is that these things shall be superfluously done to them whom they neither hinder nor help, than lacking to them whom they help. More diligently however doth each man these things for his own near and dear friends, in order that they may be likewise done unto him by his. But as for the burying of the body, whatever is bestowed on that, is no aid of salvation, but an office of humanity, according to that affection by which "no man ever hateth his own flesh."²⁷⁷⁵ Whence it is fitting that he take²⁷⁷⁶ what care he is able for the flesh of his neighbor, when he is gone that bare²⁷⁷⁷ it. And if they do these things who believe not the resurrection of the flesh, how much more are they beholden to do the same who do believe; that so, an office of this kind bestowed upon a body, dead but yet to rise again and to remain to eternity, may also be in some sort a testimony of the same faith? But, that a person is buried at the memorials of the Martyrs, this, I think, so far profits the departed, that while commending him also to the Martyrs' patronage, the affection of supplication on his behalf is increased.

23

ܤ 23

23. Here, to the things thou hast thought meet to inquire of me, thou hast such reply as I have been able to render: which if it be more than enough prolix, thou must excuse this, for it was done through love of holding longer talk with thee. For this book, then, how thy charity shall receive it, let me, I pray thee, know by a second letter: though doubtless it will be more welcome for its bearer's sake, to wit our brother and fellow-presbyter Candidianus, whom, having been by thy letter made acquainted with him, I have welcomed with all my heart, and am loath to let him depart. For greatly in the charity of Christ hath he by his presence consoled us, and, to say truth, it was at his instance that I have done thy bidding. For with so great businesses is my heart distraught, that had not he by ever and anon putting me in mind not suffered me to forget it, assuredly to thy questioning reply of mind had not been forthcoming.

ON THE TRINITY.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abraham, appearance of God to, [1]46 sq., [2]66 sq.

Academic philosophy, the, criticised, [3]210 sq.

Adam, the appearing of God to, and how he spoke to, [4]45 sq.; on account of his sin we are delivered into the power of the devil, [5]175.

Angels, how they work miracles, [6]60; have their power from God only, [7]63; appearing of, [8]64-[9]66; how the law was given by, [10]67.

Anthropomorphism, [11]18.

Arians, the arguments of, derived from the words "begotten" and "unbegotten," refuted, [12]88 sq.

Back parts, the, of God, [13]50-[14]52.

"Beginning," the word, spoken relatively in regard to the Trinity, [15]85, [16]94, [17]95.

"Begotten" and "unbegotten," the words, [18]91, [19]225; reply to cavils of heretics respecting, [20]89.

Blessedness, desired by all, [21]170; perfect only in the life to come, [22]171; cannot exist without immortality, [23]172.

Christ, the mediation and intercession of, shall cease, [24]26-[25]28; the sending of, at His incarnation, [26]40; the death and resurrection of, and their bearing on us, [27]71 sq.; the Mediator gathers the many into one, [28]75 sq.; the ignorance of, [29]30; the death of, voluntary, [30]77 sq.; the most perfect victim for cleansing guilt, [31]79, [32]80.

Cicero says all men will be blessed, [33]170; commends contemplative wisdom, [34]197.

Creation, all, a manifestation of God, [35]58.

Daniel, the appearance of God to, [36]53.

Death, the, of soul and body, and the bearing of Christ's one death on, [37]71?[38]73.

Degradation, the lowest, reached by degrees, [39]160.

Demons, miracles wrought by, to be spurned, [40]76.

Devil, the, the mediator of death, [41]76; how he leads his own to despise the death of Christ, [42]79; overcome not by might but by righteousness, [43]176-[44]178.

Dove, the, Holy Spirit manifested by a, [45]42, [46]224.

Essence, and substance, [47]21 (note), [48]92, [49]109-[50]114, [51]139 (note).

Eunomius, his error in saying that the Son of God is the son not of His nature but of His will, [52]220.

Faith, a thing of the heart, [53]168; necessary to blessedness, [54]171.

Father, the, not alone immortal, [55]44, etc.; what is said of, and the Son together; and what not, [56]98, etc.; is Himself power and wisdom, [57]104, etc.; and the Son, together one wisdom as one essence, [58]107, etc.

Generation, eternal, [59]225, [60]226 (notes).

Glass, seeing through darkly, explained, [61]206, etc.

God, how the Scriptures speak of, [62]18; why immortality ascribed exclusively to, [63]18; the substance of, how to know, [64]18; uses of the term, [65]22 (note); whether God the Trinity, or one person of the Trinity, appeared to the fathers, [66]45; how He spake to Adam, [67]45; His appearance to Abraham, [68]46, etc., [69]66, etc.; to Lot, [70]47; to Moses, [71]48; in the pillar of cloud and fire, [72]49; at Sinai, [73]50; to Daniel, [74]53; the will of, the higher cause of all corporeal changes, [75]57; uses all His creatures as He will for His glory, [76]58; the essence of, never appeared, [77]65; the appearances of, wrought by angels, [78]66; the knowledge of, to be sought from Himself, [79]69, etc.; not corporeal nor changeable, [80]87; the only unchangeable essence, [81]88; what is spoken of according to essence, is spoken of each person severally, and together of the Trinity itself, [82]91; of those things which belong absolutely to His essence, [83]92; what is said of, in respect to time, said relatively, [84]95; how a substance, simple and manifold, [85]100; is a Trinity, but not triple, [86]101; whether one person, or the three together, called the one God, [87]102; substance is spoken of improperly, essence properly, [88]111; nothing greater in, than one person [89]116; corporeal conceptions of, to be rejected, [90]116; to be known by faith, that He may be loved, [91]118, etc.; worship of, is the love of Him, [92]163; what His wrath is, [93]179.

Head, mystical meaning of covering the, [94]159.

Hilary quoted respecting the persons of the Trinity, [95]102, [96]201.

Holy Spirit, the, is very God, [97]23; why so called, [98]93; relation to the Son, [99]26; relation to the Son and the Father, [100]39; the sending of, [101]40, [102]85; not incarnate in the dove, [103]42; the sensible showing of, [104]85; the Father and the Son the only beginning of, [105]94; whether He was a gift before as well as after He was given, [106]95; equal to the Father and the Son in all things, [107]100, etc.; is together with the Father and the Holy Spirit one wisdom, [108]107; is properly called in Scripture by the name of love, [109]215, etc.; is God, and also the gift of God, [110]217; of the procession of the, [111]224, etc.

Hypostasis and person, how these words came into use in reference to the Trinity, the former among the Greeks, the latter among the Latins, [112]23 (note), [113]92, [114]109, etc.

Image of God, how man is the, [115]113; turning aside from, 160; to be found in the rational soul, [116]185; how formed anew in man, [117]195.

Image of the beast in man, [118]161.

Imagination, the power of [119]153.

Incarnation of the Word, benefits of, [120]174, [121]179.

Infants, minds of, [122]186.

Infinite, the, not the All, [123]101 (note).

Kingdom, the, delivered by Christ to the Father. [124]26, etc., [125]28.

Knowledge of God, the, to be sought from God, [126]69, etc.

Law, the, given by angels, [127]67.

Love, the true, by which we arrive at a knowledge of the Trinity, [128]122.

Magic, great miracles wrought by, [129]60; how far it extends, [130]61.

Man, is both after the image of God and is the image of God, [131]113; rescued not by might but by righteousness, [132]176.

Mediatorship of Christ, the cessation of, [133]28 (note), [134]29.

Merits, our, are the gifts of God, [135]174.

Mind, the Trinity in, [136]125; knows itself not in part but in whole, [137]137; its opinion of itself deceitful, [138]138; what it knows of itself, [139]140, etc.; an image of the Trinity, [140]143; in what part of, alone, is the Trinity the image of God, [141]156; how it thinks of itself, [142]187;loves God in rightly loving itself, [143]192, etc.; infirmity of the human, [144]223.

Miracles, why not usual works, [145]59; diversity lone makes, [146]60; great, wrought by magicians, [147]60; how angels work, [148]61; signs, [149]63 wrought by demons, to be spurned, [150]76.

Moses, in what manner he saw God, [151]50; his rod changed into a serpent, its sign, [152]64.

Nature, what it teaches us regarding God, [153]202.

Numbers, the senary and ternary, [154]73, etc., [155]74, etc.

Perfection, how God brings us to, [156]70.

Persons, the three, in the Godhead, [157]23 (note), [158]92; and Hypostases, how the word came into use, etc., [159]109-[160]111; the Scriptures never formally speak of three, in one God, [161]110.

Pharaoh, the miracles wrought by the wise men of, [162]59.

Philosophers, not to be consulted respecting the resurrection, [163]80; their blessedness ridiculous, [164]171; origin of the name, [165]183.

Plato's doctrine of reminiscences, [166]164.

Procession, [167]225, [168]226 (notes).

Pythagoras, story regarding, [169]164.

Resurrection of Christ, the, the faith of, saves, [170]51.

Righteous man, how the man not yet righteous can know the, [171]120.

Sabellianism, [172]7, [173]92.

Scripture, Holy, the adaptation of, even to the simplest, [174]18; has more meanings than one, [175]36; a double rule for understanding the various modes of speech used in, respecting the Son, [176]37.

Sheol, [177]192.

Son of man, the, [178]33 (note).

Son of God, the, is very God, [179]21; in what respects less than the Father, [180]24, etc.; the subjection of, to the Father, and delivers up the kingdom to the Father, [181]24-[182]28; relation of, to the Holy Spirit, [183]26; how equal to, and how less than the Father, [184]29; how said not to know the day nor the hour, [185]30, etc.; how to sit on His right hand and His left, not His to give, [186]31; the two natures of, lays a foundation for opposite things being said of, [187]33, etc.; judgment committed to, [188]33, etc.; double rule for understanding the phraseology of Scripture respecting, [189]37, etc.; glorification of, by the Father, [190]39; the sending of, [191]40; object of the incarnation of, [192]81; how sent and proclaimed beforehand, [193]82; how in His incarnation He was made less without detriment to His equality with the Father, [194]83; what the sending of, means, [195]84; the wisdom and power of the Father, [196]97; what is said of the Father and, together, and what not, [197]98; and the Father, how one, [198]99; and the Father, one wisdom as one essence, [199]107, etc.; why He is chiefly intimated by the word wisdom, when both the Father and the Holy Spirit are wisdom, [200]107; the love by which we arrive at a knowledge of, [201]122; how we are justified by His blood, [202]175; why He took upon Himself man from the race of Adam and from a virgin, [203]180; we are to be like Him, [204]196.

Soul, opinions of philosophers regarding its substance, [205]139; whence comes its error concerning itself, [206]140; its power over the body, [207]148.

Species, mental, produced by species in succession, [208]153.

Spirit, the Holy, why so called, [209]93 (note).

Spirit, a word of many meanings, [210]195.

Spiration, [211]93, [212]225, [213]226 (notes).

Subordination, [214]4, [215]38-[216]40.

Ternary number, the, in Christ's resurrection, [217]118, [218]119.

Theophanies, the, [219]43-[220]54, [221]65-[222]68.

Trinity, for what purpose the dissertation on, was written, [223]17; the Catholic faith respecting, [224]20; the difficulties concerning, [225]21, etc.; all three sometimes understood in one person, [226]27, [227]28 (note); the entire invisible, [228]43; whether the, spoke at Sinai, or some one person specially, [229]49, [230]53; the co-eternity of, [231]85, [232]86; the three persons of, and one essence, [233]92, [234]93; the word "beginning" how spoken relatively in regard to the Trinity, [235]94; God is a, but not triple, [236]101; whether one, or the three persons together, is called the one God, [237]102; Hilary quoted respecting the persons of the, [238]102; whether each person of, is of itself wisdom, [239]104, etc.; the use of the words hypostasis and person, in relation to, [240]109-[241]114; why we do not speak of one person and three essences in, [242]111; how the, may be loved though unknown, [243]119; difficult to be demonstrated by natural reason, [244]202, etc.; disparity between the trinity which is in man and that which is in God, [245]111, [246]129, [247]133, [248]143 (notes), [249]222.

Trinity in man, three things in love, as it were a trace of, [250]124; a kind of, exists in mind, knowledge, and love, [251]125; another, in memory, understanding, and will, [252]134-[253]143; a trace of, in the outer man, [254]144, etc.; man made after the image of the, [255]5, [256]157., etc., [257]190.

Unity of the Father and the Son, [258]99; numerical not specific, [259]20 (note).

Vision, how produced, [260]145.

Word, the Incarnate, dispels our darkness, [261]70; man apt for the perception of truth through, [262]71; incarnation of, suitable for freeing man from mortality, [263]174; knowledge and wisdom of, [264]180, etc.; of God, and word of man, [265]209; of God, equal to the Father, [266]213.

DOCTRINAL AND MORAL TREATISES.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abortive conceptions, question regarding resurrection of, [267]265.

Abraham, Christ the promised Seed of, [268]339, [269]340; His example cited, [270]408, [271]409, [272]412; actions of, figurative, [273]470; told no lie, [274]491; knew the state of the world from Lazarus, [275]548.

Abstinence, practice of, a benefit due to authority, [276]364; easier than moderation, [277]405, [278]410; from food, etc. for ill ends, [279]528.

Academics, St. Augustin once inclined to, [280]356.

Action, unless rightly done, sin, [281]360; whether implied in permission, [282]464, [283]475; always conceived in the heart, [284]487; indifferent, takes its character from motive, [285]488; some unconsciously prophetic, [286]495; character determined by the intention, [287]519.

Adam, sin of, the results to his posterity, [288]246, [289]254; involved many kinds of sin, [290]252; Job, how unlike, [291]530.

Address, different methods of, to different classes of hearers, catechumens, [292]298 sq.

Admonition, desired by St. Augustin, [293]522.

Adultery, what? [294]400, [295]402; compared with fornication, [296]403; is evil, while even second marriage is good, [297]443; might be justified on same grounds as lying, [298]487, [299]488; some guilty of, fear perjury, [300]500; penance done for, 575.

Æsop, Fables of, [301]494.

Ætiology, explanation by, [302]349.

Age, qualifies to give counsel, [303]451; flower of, brief, [304]452.

Aged, marriage, [305]400.

Ages, seven; the last to be an age of rest, [306]301.

Ages of the world, the six, [307]307.

Alexis, of Plato and Virgil thought allegorical, [308]355.

All things gathered together in one in Christ, expounded, [309]257.

Allegory, explanation by, [310]349; instances of, [311]350, [312]351; in real events, [313]460, [314]470, [315]492; no lie if the thing figured is true, [316]460; Jacob's deceit was, [317]491; use of, [318]492.

Almighty, what He Who is, cannot do, 569.

Alms, means of, not to be gotten by sin, [319]488; a means of pardon, [320]496; given to Christ, [321]519; to be done for a heavenly reward, [322]520.

Almsgiving, will not, without change of life, atone for sin, [323]260; the greatest, is forgiveness of debtors and love of enemies, [324]261; the first, is to pity our own souls, [325]262; advanced by Christianity, [326]364.

Altar, prayers at the, [327]434; ministers of, Christian Priests, [328]515; prayers offered at the, [329]540.

Alternatives, [330]464, [331]466, [332]468, [333]469.

Ambrose, St., Bp. of Milan, heard by St. Augustin, [334]356.

Analogy, explanation by, [335]349.

Ananias, appearance to St. Paul, [336]550.

Angel, Temple may not be built to an, [337]374.

Angels, the fallen, God's judgment on, [338]246; who fell not, [339]246; nothing certainly known of their social organization, [340]256; bodies assumed by, [341]256; what Christ did for man was in a sense done for them, [342]257; may communicate the events of time to the dead, [343]359; cannot sin, [344]385; entertained by Lot, [345]463; ministry of, to Lazarus, [346]541; free of both worlds, [347]548.

Anger, darkens the mind's eye, [348]490.

Angry, in what sense God is said to be, [349]248, [350]527.

Anima, animus, mens, [351]475.

Anna, and Susanna, [352]403, [353]413; more blessed than Ruth, [354]443; unless Ruth knew what was to follow; probably knew Christ should be born of a Virgin, [355]444; her long and early widowhood, [356]447; her piety, [357]448; recognized Christ with His Virgin Mother, [358]444, [359]448.

Antiphrasis, is no lie, [360]491; instances of, [361]492.

Antiquity, testimony of, to Religion, [362]363.

Apocrypha, books of, [363]548; quoted, [364]540.

Apostle, God spoke in him, [365]521.

Apostles, common men chosen to show Christ's power, [366]342; prophesied of, [367]343; use the four-fold exposition, [368]349, [369]350; Acts of, rejected by Manichees, inconsistently, [370]350; teaching handed down from, [371]356; effect of their labors on nations, [372]364; whether bound to live of the Gospel, [373]471, [374]522; Acts of the, a place to find examples, [375]476, [376]493; example of, no obligation not to labor, [377]505-[378]508; maintained by holy women and those among whom they preached, [379]506-[380]508; words not to be derided, [381]508; divided their provinces, [382]516; had power not to work: to speak with authority, [383]522; once of the world, [384]532; chosen not just but justified: else had first chosen Christ, [385]533.

Apostolic chair, succession from, and note, [386]365.

Apparitions, in dreams, [387]544-[388]550; of the dead without their consciousness, [389]545 sq.; as of the living, unconscious, [390]545. [391]546, [392]549; images only, not of souls themselves, [393]545; produced by the ministry of Angels, [394]545, [395]547, [396]549; asking for burial, [397]545; use of: pointing out places of burial, [398]545; foretelling things future, [399]545; not to be denied, [400]545; instances of, in sleep, [401]545; pointing out where things should be found, [402]545; seen when awake, [403]546; in trances, [404]546; doctrines taught by: of Samuel to Saul, [405]548; of St. Felix, [406]548; of saints whether themselves or angelic appearances, doubtful, [407]549, [408]550; of John the Monk, [409]549; of Ananias to St. Paul: John would have solved St. Augustin's difficulties, [410]550.

Aptus, [411]464.

Archimedes, not to be explained by Epicurus, [412]353.

Arena, matches of the, [413]372.

Aristotle, not to be explained by an enemy, [414]353.

Army, of the virtues and vices, [415]382.

Artisans, singing at work, [416]514.

Ascension of Christ foretold, [417]341; witnessed by Apostles, [418]342; of our Lord, [419]373, [420]374, [421]375; how our Lord prefigured, [422]494.

Ashes, of martyrs, thrown into the Rhone, [423]543; not scattered, [424]544.

Asper, a grammarian, [425]355.

Atoms, soul not formed of, [426]352.

Augustin, St., when ordained Priest or Presbyter, [427]347; his early love of truth, [428]347, [429]349; his prayer for Honoratus, [430]348; how led into Manicheism (nine years in it), tempted by discussions, [431]348; only a "Hearer:" a worldling: contrast later, [432]348; his eyes weak from past delusions, [433]349; his book "De Spiritu et Litera," note, [434]351; his belief about the Old Testament, [435]353; young when led into error, [436]353; his way of search for true religion, [437]356, [438]357; disappointed in Faustus, [439]356; tended at times toward Academics: his prayers for help: becomes Catechumen, [440]356; his purpose of writing further to Honoratus, [441]365; expresses doubt on a point connected with marriage, [442]407; not at variance with Council of Carthage, [443]441; his many engagements, [444]441; his books on marriage and virginity, [445]448, [446]454; wrote against Faustus, [447]448; works of, on Divine grace, [448]450; his works on Lying of different dates, [449]457; uses a homely style in practical matters, [450]458; his avocations, [451]481; life laborious, (bodily infirmity), [452]521, [453]522; did what he exhorted others to do, [454]522; found a Bishop's life more laborious than a Monk's, [455]521; not submitting to man's judgment, [456]522; desired to be admonished, [457]523; never completed his Retractations, [458]527; visited nightly by his mother while she lived, [459]547; not after her death, [460]547.

Aurelius, Bp. of Carthage, desired St. Augustin to write on the work of Monks, [461]503, [462]522.

Authority, necessity of in religion,[463]356, [464]357; source of what we believe, [465]359; lovers of truth believe, [466]360; for doctrine same as for belief in Christ, [467]362; some probable a priori, [468]363; shown by miracles on multitudes, [469]364; brought to bear on life through numbers, [470]364; seat of, in Catholic Church, [471]365; of doctrine to be strictly guarded, [472]466, [473]483, [474]484.

Babylon, represents the world, [475]496.

Ball, pleasure of playing with, [476]453.

Baptism, indicates our death to sin and resurrection to life, [477]252, [478]254; open to all, both infants and adults, [479]252; "Come, ye blessed of My Father, receive the kingdom," [480]374; makes men temples of the Holy Spirit, [481]374; remission of all things in, [482]374; received, to be guarded by good life: washes once for all: why not repeated, [483]375; of heretics, "a form of Godliness:" is of the Church only: remits original sin, [484]386; puts away all sin, [485]408; of children, [486]419; remits from all sin, [487]435; supposed case of lying in order to give, [488]499; necessary for admission to Paradise, [489]546.

Baptized persons pray, [490]435.

Barnabas, simulation of corrected, [491]461, [492]493.

Barrenness, does not make divorce lawful, [493]402, [494]406, [495]412.

Beauty, inward is what Christ loves, [496]451; false, lawful to none, [497]451; spiritual, decays not, [498]451; of truth, [499]498.

Bees, have progeny without intercourse, [500]399.

Begging Monks, [501]515.

Beginners, lying, well meant, excused in,.[502]460, [503]473, [504]495, [505]497.

Beginning, The Father is, of Christ: The Son also the, [506]328; Godhead has none, [507]372.

Belief, See Faith; implies objects unseen, [508]337. [509]338; of historical facts, [510]359; different from opinion, [511]458; needed before understanding, [512]463; of a lie, not always hurtful, [513]466, [514]483; of false doctrine, a real misery, [515]483; in the heart, not enough without confession, [516]486.

Bene-dictio, better than bona dictio, [517]292.

Betrayal, sin of, [518]467, [519]468, [520]496; by silence, [521]468, [522]469.

Bill of divorcement, [523]402.

Birds, their habits alluded to, [524]409; who? [525]436; image of the proud, [526]516; not to be imitated in all points, [527]517, [528]518 sq.; in cages, [529]517; not imitated in picking food or flies, [530]518; caught by want of water, [531]348.

Bishop, empowered to relax certain excommunications, [532]441; addresses another Bishop's flock by permission, [533]521, [534]524.

Bishops, Catholic, overthrew Priscillianism, [535]485; called to act in secular affairs, [536]517; by Apostolic injunction, to be obeyed, [537]522; succession of from Apostles, 565.

Bishop's life, laborious, [538]521, [539]522; recent increase of occupation, [540]521.

Blasphemy, worst in one who knows it such, [541]444, [542]495, [543]499; none can be allowable, [544]499; suggested by Job's wife, [545]500.

Blessedness, called Right Hand of God, [546]373.

Blessing, put for cursing, [547]491.

Blood, of Christ, given the pardoned to drink, [548]374.

Bodies of the married are holy, [549]405.

Body, the death of, man's peculiar punishment, [550]246; resurrection of, [551]264, [552]332, [553]375, [554]540, [555]541; in the resurrection, spiritual, [556]266; material of, never perishes, [557]265, [558]529; a creature of God, [559]374; Temple of the Holy Spirit, [560]374, [561]444, [562]474, not our object in religion, [563]354; its peaceful members made the soul's pattern, [564]389; may be holy in marriage, [565]443, [566]444; of all the Faithful is "members of Christ," [567]444; soul to be preferred to, [568]463, purity of, depends on soul, [569]463, [570]499; Priscillianists erred concerning, [571]484; real good of, in the life to come, [572]528, [573]529; to be restored entire, [574]529; patience of Martyrs concerning their, [575]530; motions of, affect the mind, [576]542; an interest felt in, by us while living, [577]543, [578]544; overcome by the Martyrs, [579]544; hurt only by the pain of dying, [580]543, [581]544; faith in resurrection of, confirmed by care for the dead, [582]541, [583]550; obtained by the spirit, [584]543; not affected by the treatment of the corpse, [585]540, [586]541, [587]543, [588]544.

Boyhood, good and bad reasons for preferring, [589]352; rashness incident to, [590]353.

Bread, daily breaking of, at Troas, the Eucharist, [591]514.

Bridegroom, Christ the, [592]343.

Burial, in the memorials of Martyrs, [593]539, [594]542, [595]549, [596]550; place provided for, [597]539; want of, does not affect the dead, [598]540, [599]541, [600]543, [601]544, [602]545; a grief to the living, [603]544; external rites of, for the comfort of the living, [604]540, [605]544, [606]550; no benefit to the wicked, [607]540, [608]544; care for, a duty, [609]541; why? [610]544; by the Patriarchs and their children, [611]541; significative, [612]541; commended in Scripture, [613]541; rewarded, [614]541; want of, and place of, does not hinder the resurrection, [615]540, [616]541; or rest, [617]541, [618]543, [619]545; place of, a benefit only as occasioning prayer, [620]542, [621]543, [622]550; to slight, irreligious, [623]545; place of, naturally, a subject of interest, [624]543, [625]544; loss of, how a punishment; how a kindness, [626]544.

Business distracting the mind unsuitable to preachers, [627]405.

Butler, Analogy, [628]337.

Calling, each to remain in, [629]509.

Candidianus, bearer of St. Augustin's book on "Care for the Dead," [630]551.

Canticles, prophecy of Christ and the Church, [631]343.

Care for the Dead, book on, occasion of writing, [632]539, [633]551.

Caring for temporal things forbidden, [634]504.

Caring not, by some limited to spiritual wants, [635]503.

Carnally-minded like grass, [636]516.

Carthage, fourth Council of, [637]441; introduction of monasteries into, [638]503.

Cassiodorus, his book, De Inst. Div. Lit., [639]347.

Catechetical instruction, 282 sq.; way to commence it, [640]288 sq.; of the educated,[641]290 sq.; of grammarians and professional speakers, [642]291; causes and remedies of tediousness in, [643]292 sq.

Catechumen, examination of, as to his views, [644]288; specimen of address to ([645]1) one of worthy views, (2) one of false aims, [646]299; formal admission of, [647]312; St. Augustin becomes one, [648]356; learned and repeated the Creed, [649]369; still under sins, [650]375; having a second wife, case of, [651]408.

Catholic, title of, whose by consent, [652]356.

Cataline, his powers of endurance, [653]528.

Cato, cited, [654]408.

Causes, essential to man's happiness to know the; of good and evil, [655]242; the secondary, of evil, are ignorance and lust, [656]245, [657]264; of common things obscure.

Centurion, ready faith of, praised, [658]363; case of the, [659]428.

Chalcedon, Council of, excommunicates (Church) widows who marry, [660]441.

Character, care of, a point of charity, [661]453.

Characterem, (of Baptism), [662]375.

Charity, the Church abides in, [663]374; of the married state, [664]400; shown in communicating any good to others, [665]441; in keeping good repute, [666]453; unity of the Church belongs to, [667]535; a mark of the free-born, [668]535.

Chase, simile of, [669]457.

Chastity, advanced by Christianity, [670]364; of continence, better than married chastity, [671]411; wedded, is a good, [672]443, [673]445; wedded, is God's gift, [674]450; complete (integritas), of virgins and widows, [675]450; spiritual delights in, [676]452; not to be broken to save a life, [677]463; or a soul, [678]499; not lost by violence, [679]463, [680]475; of mind what, [681]475, [682]499; of mind to be preserved for detecting heresy, [683]487; is of the truth, [684]498, [685]499; cannot teach adultery, [686]499.

Children, probably involved in the guilt, not only of our first parents, but also of their own immediate parents, [687]252; know their parents by faith, [688]338, [689]360; exorcised, [690]369; loss of, [691]372, [692]530; why baptized, [693]419; the Three Holy, Song of, [694]438; having, a reason for not marrying again, [695]445; spiritual, may serve instead of natural, [696]445, [697]450; virginity of, a compensation to parents, [698]445, [699]448; desire of, lawful, but not praiseworthy, [700]445; having, a blessing, not a merit, [701]447, [702]448; bringing up well, is of good will, [703]448; spiritual fruits in place of, [704]451, [705]452; lawfully begetting, for God a good work, [706]488; power of a parent over, [707]490.

Childhood, why a grown man may prefer, [708]352.

Christ, birth of, [709]249, [710]371; being the only Son of God, is at the same time man, [711]249; grace of God in His birth, [712]250, [713]251; made sin for us, [714]251; not regenerated in the baptism of John, [715]253; took away original sin and all other sins, [716]253; His life typical of the Christian life, [717]254; second coming of, [718]255; advent of, why foretold, [719]286; shows God's love to us, [720]287; generation of, as Son of God and the Word, [721]322 sq.; neither made by nor less than the Father, [722]323; born through the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, [723]325; as God, has no mother, [724]325; Passion, Burial and Resurrection of, [725]326; Ascension of, [726]326; Session at the Father's Right Hand and Coming to Judgment, [727]326, [728]327; relation of, as Son to the Father, [729]328 sq.; the Seed of Abraham, [730]339; nations blessed in, [731]339; so honored though crucified, a miracle, [732]340; witnessed to by Jewish prophecy, [733]342; sufferings of, contrasted with His Victory, [734]342; name of, honored even by heretics, [735]343; the Bridegroom, [736]343; used the four ways of exposition, [737]349, [738]350; veil of Law done away by, [739]351; teaching handed down from, [740]356; even heretics bid us believe in, [741]361; on whose testimony we do so, [742]362; planted His religion by the way of faith, [743]363; Death and Resurrection of, shut out fear, [744]363; various miracles of, their use, [745]364; effects of His Incarnation and Teaching, [746]365; God in true Man, [747]364; without sin, restores from sin, [748]369, [749]370; what He teaches of Himself, [750]371; His lowly Birth, Passion and Death: born perfect as Son of God, [751]371, [752]372; born of the Virgin in the fullness of time: God and Man: death of, a pattern to martyrs; Resurrection of, [753]372, [754]375; sets a prize as in the arena, [755]372; arose to die no more, [756]372; example of, exceeds Job's, [757]373; His Sufferings and Ascension, [758]373; shall come to judge the quick and the dead: the Church abides in, as branches in a Vine, [759]374; the Root: sin of killing, not unpardonable: members of, shall follow Him, [760]375; our pattern: condescends to our slowness, [761]380; and the Church, their union, [762]388; heretical notion concerning, [763]389; came in real flesh, [764]389; took a human body and a human soul, [765]390, [766]364; really hungered and thirsted: saw fit not to abstain like the Baptist, [767]410; the object of love, [768]437, [769]452; taught humility when near His Passion, [770]429; Himself the model for virgins, [771]429, [772]431; the object of virgin love, [773]437; crucified, to be gazed on with the inward eyes, [774]437; may not be loved a little, [775]444; recognized by Anna as a child, [776]444, [777]448; conceived in chastity, can make virginity fruitful, [778]446; loves an inward beauty, [779]446; a Husband, in the Spirit, to the married as to the Church, [780]446; shown to be the worthiest object of love, [781]452; did and commanded all for our salvation, [782]462; no lie to be told about, [783]466; patience of, perfect, [784]470; yet did not literally turn the other cheek, [785]470; sayings of, that seem false, are figurative, [786]476, [787]494; denied before men in pretending heresy, [788]485; few deny sincerely, [789]486; kept back some truth, [790]491; called a "Rock," "Lion," [791]491; under our sins figured by Jacob, [792]492; Himself a Prophet, [793]494; assumed show of ignorance, [794]494; His feigning, [795]494; exhorts Martyrs to patience, [796]529; forbearance of, to Judas, [797]529; chose and justified the Apostles, [798]533; faith of, saved the old Saints, [799]533; made poor for our sakes, [800]535; poor of, to be made rich [801]539.

Christianity, derided as credulous, [802]337; is not without evidence, [803]339; testimony of mankind to, [804]355; profession of, its effect on the masses, [805]364, [806]365.

Christians, nominal, described, [807]311; more numerous than Jews and Pagans united [in the Roman empire,] [808]356; they are not, who forbid faith before reason, [809]362, [810]363; misrepresented, [811]365; work and prize of, [812]372; all in one commonwealth, [813]519; state of, as longing for inheritance, [814]535.

Christian life, four stages of, [815]275.

Church, is the Temple of God, [816]255; condition of, in heaven, [817]256; redeemed by blood, [818]257; history of, in four stages, [819]275; in its likeness to a Vine, [820]309; the Catholic, [821]331; quotes herself as fulfillment of prophecy, [822]339, [823]341; called the "Queen," [824]339; visible as such, [825]340; is herself an evidence, [826]341; witness of past and future, [827]342; spread abroad by suffering, [828]342; Bride of Christ, [829]343; milk from the teats of, [830]348; with what error charged by Manichees, [831]353, [832]357; Catholic, prima facie claims of, [833]355; her teaching from Christ and the Apostles, [834]356; witnessed to by people and nations, [835]362; testimony of mankind leads us to, [836]364; doctrines of, concerning God, [837]365; mother of God's children, [838]369; named in the Creed after the Holy Trinity: victorious over heresies, abides in charity, [839]374; Body of Christ: He the Head, [840]375; an heretical notion concerning, [841]389; Christ and the, [842]388, [843]389; not yet perfect, [844]390; made subject to Christ, [845]390; her daily cry, [846]391; the, a Mother and a Virgin, [847]417, [848]418; a holy Virgin, [849]420; sometimes called the kingdom of heaven, [850]425; the, a virgin and spouse of Christ, [851]446, [852]451, [853]452; includes the departed, [854]454; in a household, [855]454; authority of its practices though not in Scripture, [856]541; disunion with, breaks charity, [857]535.

Churches, seats in (apparently an exception), [858]296; of withdrawing from, during service; by whom filled on Festival days, [859]311; building of, [860]488.

Cicero, his rule for argument, [861]348; studied because acknowledged by all, [862]354; conspirators put to death by, [863]359; lectured on, [864]545.

Circumcision, a seal: is not for Christians, [865]351; made uncircumcision by leaving the law, [866]461, [867]462; for whom lawful, [868]461.

City of God, St. Augustin on, [869]317.

Clean, who are, in God's sight, [870]465.

Clergy, not bound to labor, [871]506-[872]508; may claim maintenance from their people, [873]506, [874]507; all, as well as Apostles, [875]508, [876]510; employments fitted for, [877]511; receive support, not as mendicants, that they may escape distracting occupations, [878]512; injunctions to support, [879]511, [880]513; for the good of the people, [881]513; have same right to maintenance as the Apostles, [882]515, [883]516: ministers of His Sacrament unto righteousness, [884]519, [885]520; not to be careful, [886]521.

Cæcilius, not studied instead of Cicero, [887]354.

Coeval, image of the Coeternal, [888]371.

Colors, divers, signify what, [889]339.

Command, of the Lord, why St. Paul had none, [890]421.

Commands, clear, to be obeyed at all risks, [891]469, [892]470; explained by examples, [893]470, [894]471.

Community of goods at Jerusalem, [895]512; of goods, benefit of, [896]520; all Christians one, [897]519.

Compacts, sexual, how far sinful, [898]400, [899]401.

Competentes, a step beyond other Catechumens, [900]547.

Concealment, of many things lawful, [901]352; not itself lying, [902]491.

Conceptaculum [903]471.

Concubinage, for offspring's sake unlawful, [904]406; was lawful among the ancient fathers, [905]406; lawfulness of a certain kind of, doubtful, [906]407.

Concupiscence, gradually weakened, [907]524; patience not to minister to, [908]528.

Confession, of sins, [909]436; medicine of, [910]473; remedy for lies, [911]500.

Confinis, [912]351.

Conflict. of virtues and vices in the soul, [913]381; of the Christian, [914]382, [915]387.

Conscience, moves all good minds to seek God, [916]363; good, excuses not carelessness of repute, [917]453; solace of, in evil report, [918]453; sinning against, [919]484.

Consent, in thought constitutes sin, [920]380, [921]381; yielded and withheld, [922]387, [923]388; withheld is mortification of the members, [924]392; what constitutes, [925]464, [926]465; when it justifies doing a man wrong, [927]466; chastity not lost without, [928]475.

Consentius, his inquiries about Priscillianists, [929]457, [930]482; praise of, [931]481; advised to write against Priscillianism, [932]486, [933]492.

Constancy, in the faith of the Resurrection, [934]310 sq.

Continence, praised by Epicurus, [935]352; door of, [936]380, [937]381; why mentioned last by St. Paul, [938]383; God's gift, [939]379, [940]391; the gift of God's Spirit, [941]384; difficult to treat of, [942]379; marriage, glorious, not to be attained in our own strength, [943]383; forbears excuses, [944]384, sought of God by David, [945]384; required against all sin, [946]385; peace the prize of, [947]386; a healthful chastisement of our nature, [948]390; falsely claimed, considered, [949]391; its office, [950]391; is refusing the consent of the mind, [951]392; must watch the thoughts, [952]393; glory of perseverance in, due to the Lord, [953]393; the greater of two goods, [954]402, [955]411 [956]423; and marriage, two goods, [957]403; compared to fasting, [958]403; how, is not on a level with the marriage of the old Fathers, [959]408, [960]409; a virtue of the soul, [961]409; in habit and act, [962]410; praise of the state of, [963]411; the root-virtue, [964]412; profitable for the life to come, [965]420, [966]421, [967]422, [968]424; when unwillingly professed, [969]429; of widows: its rank, [970]434; widowed, better than nuptial chastity, [971]443; best for those who "receive" it, [972]445; strength of, measures merit of widowhood, [973]447; of heretics not to persuade us, [974]448; all is God's gift, [975]449; though willing, [976]450; term properly used of virgins and widows, [977]450; universal, supposed danger of, [978]460.

Contraries, instances of, [979]483.

Conversion, not to be brought about by lying, [980]476, [981]484.

Cornutus, a grammarian, [982]355.

Corruption, all things not perfectly good are liable to, [983]240.

Councils, weight of, against heretics, [984]365.

Creation, of man, what is to be believed concerning the, [985]302; all good, the whole better than each part, [986]444.

Creature, visible and invisible, [987]369; gives pleasure by approach to that which it loves, [988]534.

Credulousness, distinguished from faith, [989]357.

Creed, the Apostles', [990]238; current in 4th century, [991]318; expounded, [992]321 sq.; the rule of faith or symbol, [993]369 sq.; not written, repeated by Catechumens: scattered through Scripture, [994]369; calls, not the Son Almighty, yet implies this, [995]370.

Crimes, penance for, 575.

Crispina, mentioned, [996]434.

Critics, destructive, [997]448.

Cross, why Christ chose, [998]372.

Crown, for those who strive, [999]372; is not for the impatient, [1000]531.

Curia, of Tullium, [1001]546.

Curiosity, what it means, [1002]356, [1003]357; idle, danger of, in reading, [1004]398; forbidden, 573.

Curma, vision of, [1005]546.

Custom, binding power of, [1006]263 sq.

Cynegius, buried in the Basilica of St. Felix, [1007]539.

Cyprian, St., on the unity of the Church, note, [1008]365.

Danger, seeking, tempting God, [1009]520.

Daniel and St. Paul, [1010]423.

Darius Comes, Ep. to, [1011]337; St. Augustin's letter to, [1012]527.

David, a great saint, [1013]384; spake rashly, [1014]393; rash oath of, no example, [1015]490; his feigned madness, [1016]491; patient forbearance of, [1017]529.

Day, the first and the Lord's, [1018]515.

Dead, souls of the, benefitted by the sacraments and alms of living friends, [1019]272, [1020]550; care for, [1021]539-[1022]551; pagan opinions of, [1023]539, [1024]544, [1025]545: at rest, [1026]541, [1027]543, [1028]544, [1029]545; sacrifice for, in Maccabees, [1030]540; not affected by the condition of the body, [1031]540 sq.; unconscious when seen in visions, [1032]545 sq.; do not know what happens in this world, [1033]547-[1034]549; or their happiness would be affected, [1035]547; except in special cases, [1036]548; perhaps by information from other spirits, [1037]548; from Angels, [1038]548; by dispensation of the Holy Spirit: interpose not ordinarily, [1039]547 sq., [1040]549; not as they please, [1041]549; sometimes, [1042]548, [1043]549; a blessing thereby, [1044]547; by extraordinary Divine permission, [1045]549; we care and pray for, without knowing their state, [1046]548, [1047]549.

Death, of the body is man's peculiar punishment, [1048]246; the first and the second, consequences of, [1049]267; eternal, [1050]273; cannot injure the regenerate, [1051]275; question of lying to prevent, [1052]497, [1053]498; sin worse than, [1054]462; wrongly thought of as worst evil, [1055]474; for mercy and truth, a gain, [1056]497; sin the sting of, [1057]500.

Deceit, purpose of, implied in lying, [1058]458; may be by means of truth, [1059]458; safest to avoid, entirely, [1060]459; turns on itself, [1061]495.

Defamation, question of, to prevent crime, [1062]466; especially condemned, [1063]472.

Degrees of glory in Heaven, [1064]426, [1065]435.

Dei fica, [1066]532.

Demetrias, consecrated a Nun, [1067]441; her choice of virginity praised, and note, [1068]443, [1069]448; became like Virgin Mary was, [1070]449; before her mother in the kingdom, [1071]451; grandmother of, [1072]451; care needed for, being young, and a book recommended, [1073]454.

Demons, served, [1074]391; confess themselves tormented by Martyrs, [1075]550; by living Saints, [1076]550.

Deogratias, the book on Catechising the Uninstructed, written for, 282.

Deserter, mark of, not changed, [1077]375.

Desires, earthly, lead to endurance, [1078]528.

Devil, the, how he tempts, [1079]314; the, called a lion, [1080]491.

Dictinius, reformed from his error, [1081]483; his book called the "Pound," [1082]484, [1083]497, [1084]500.

Diet, what St. Augustin used, [1085]348.

Difficulties, to be borne with, [1086]550.

Discourse, a, often pleasant to the hearer and distasteful to the speaker, and probable explanation of the fact, 282 sq.

Disease, of nature, what, [1087]386.

Dives, care for his brethren did not imply that he knew of their state, [1088]548.

Divorce, why permitted the Jews, [1089]349; rebuked by Christ, [1090]402; may not take place for barrenness, [1091]402, [1092]406, [1093]412; does not dissolve marriage, [1094]402, [1095]406, [1096]412; dissolves marriage in the world's opinion, [1097]402.

Donatists, suicides of, [1098]530; not martyrdoms, [1099]531.

Donatus, the grammarian, [1100]355.

Dreams, See Apparitions, [1101]545 sq.

Drunkenness, a fault in act or habit, [1102]357.

Duty, of marriage among the early people of God, [1103]403, [1104]406, [1105]408, [1106]419; higher, supersede lower, [1107]474; cannot require a sin, [1108]489.

Duumvir, [1109]546.

Dwelling called "sitting," [1110]373

Earth, creation of the, [1111]369.

Ecclesiasticus, said to be written by Solomon, not canonical, [1112]548.

Economy, some, used toward aliens without lying, [1113]487; practiced by our Lord, [1114]491.

Educated, the, how to catechise, [1115]290 sq.

Egypt, represents the world, [1116]496.

Election, God's sovereign grace in, [1117]268; Divine, is grace, [1118]532, [1119]533; precedes faith, [1120]533; examples of, [1121]534.

Eligere, [1122]534.

Eloquence, few attain, yet masters of, known, [1123]354.

Emperor, heathen, grants pardon to the courage of Firmus, [1124]468.

End of the Lord, our example, [1125]373.

Endurance, not patience, [1126]426; of sufferings for worldly objects, [1127]527; of men for temporal objects praised, [1128]528; practised for wicked ends, [1129]528, [1130]529; not patience, but an example, [1131]528; in surgical cases, worldly, [1132]532, [1133]534; this is animal and devilish, [1134]532; like stupor of disease, [1135]534; frantic, of misguided lust, [1136]534.

Enemies, love of, [1137]261.

Epicurus, sometimes praises continence, [1138]352; his error about pleasure [1139]352; not fit to explain Archimedes, [1140]353.

Epistles, of St. Paul, said by Manichees to be interpolated, [1141]350; written for men's salvation, [1142]470, [1143]477; truth clearly put forth in, [1144]493.

Erasmus, his opinion of the "De Patientia," [1145]527.

Error, the nature of, [1146]242; always an evil, [1147]243, [1148]245; not always a sin, [1149]244; easy to talk against, [1150]348; three kinds of, in reading, [1151]351; hurts not unless believed: charitable, no evil, [1152]352; truth frees from, falsehood involves in [1153]457, [1154]458; of fact does little harm, [1155]483.

Erucius, Orations of, [1156]354.

Esau, birthright of, what it signified, [1157]492.

Eternal life, the penny in the parable, [1158]426.

Eternity, no space of, between the Father and the Son, [1159]371.

Eucharist, Blood of Christ given to drink in, [1160]374.

Eulogius, sees St. Augustin in a dream, [1161]545.

Eunuchs, for the kingdom of Heaven, [1162]424, monks preferred to be as, [1163]523.

Eusebius, Eccl. Hist. translated by Ruffinus, [1164]543.

Evanescere, [1165]486.

Eve, Adam tempted by, [1166]372; a help to the tempter, [1167]530.

Every, used for "any," [1168]472.

Evidence, of prophecy, [1169]339, [1170]340 sq.; of the Jews, [1171]342.

Evil, in the universe is but the absence of good, [1172]240; there can be no evil where there is no good, [1173]241; good and evil are exceptions to the rule that contrary attributes cannot be predicated of the same subject, [1174]241; permission of, [1175]267, [1176]269, [1177]385; turned into good by God, [1178]269, [1179]385, [1180]495; man created able to choose good or evil,—choice of evil impossible in the future life, [1181]271; co-existence of, with good, in the Church, and their final separation, [1182]303 sq.; God not the author of, [1183]365; not self-existent, [1184]385; Manichæan errors concerning, [1185]385, [1186]386, [1187]388; uses of, [1188]385, [1189]386; lusts, what, [1190]387; perfected hereafter, not a substance, [1191]387, [1192]388; its nature explained, [1193]464; question of doing less, to avoid greater, [1194]465, [1195]467; wrongly measured through earthly affections, [1196]474; comparison of evils, [1197]476; not to be done that good may come, [1198]488.

Evil fruit, good tree cannot bring forth, expounded, [1199]241.

Examples (see Saints), how to be judged of, [1200]495.

Excommunication, needed for crimes, [1201]373; may be incurred by a valid marriage, [1202]441.

Excuses, shunned by continence, [1203]384; useless before God, [1204]384.

Exhortation, needful to spur us to action, [1205]442, [1206]449; use of, implies acting on others' will, [1207]450.

Exorcism of children shows original sin, [1208]369.

Experience, of friendship leaves room for faith, [1209]338.

Exsufflation of Children, [1210]369.

Eye, inward and outward, [1211]337.

Eyes, weak from darkness cannot bear light, [1212]361; fools use more readily than the mind, [1213]363; their honorable place in the body, [1214]444; want of, supplied by hearing, etc., [1215]452.

Fables, are no lies, [1216]494.

Fairness of Christ, the love of virgins, [1217]436, [1218]437.

Faith, is the gift of God, [1219]247; without works, is dead, [1220]259; of things unseen derided, [1221]337; defended by analogy, [1222]338; even after trial, [1223]338; if due to human things, more so to divine, [1224]339; prophesied of, a ground of faith, [1225]343; on authority, blamed by the Manichees, [1226]348, [1227]356; distinguished from credulity, [1228]357; question if still a fault, [1229]357, [1230]358; necessary for friendship, [1231]357, [1232]358, [1233]338; teacher uses, towards learner, [1234]357; no harm in, though reason might be used, [1235]358; distinguished from knowledge and opinion, [1236]359; faulty only when rash or wrong, [1237]359; of historical facts, needful, [1238]360; parents known by, [1239]359, [1240]360; most needful of all in religion, and why, [1241]360, [1242]361; before reason, no rashness, [1243]362; they are not Christians who forbid faith in Christ before reason, [1244]362; miracles lead to, [1245]363; prepares way to wisdom, [1246]365; before understanding, [1247]370; is in order to eternal life, [1248]374; and works, [1249]392; without putting down lust, is dead, [1250]393; in wedlock, [1251]401; conjugal, less worthy than virginity, [1252]442; of profession to be kept, [1253]445; whence named, [1254]476; of Christ, none justified without, [1255]533; Faith, Hope and Love, God to be worshipped through, [1256]238; their mutual dependence, [1257]239; distinction between faith and hope, [1258]239; love is the greatest of the three, [1259]274.

Fall of man, through pride, [1260]371.

Falling, danger of, [1261]432.

Falsehood, not all, is a lie, [1262]458; leads to error, [1263]459.

Faltonia, Proba, mother of Juliana, [1264]448.

Fame, endurance from desire of, [1265]528.

Famine, provided against, [1266]471.

Fasting, continuous for several days, [1267]364; compared to continence, [1268]403; adds to the merit of widowhood, [1269]448; time of, how to be used, [1270]452; before receiving the Eucharist, [1271]514.

Fatalism, its excuses blasphemous, [1272]384.

Fate, inconsistency of those who speak of it, [1273]384.

Father, The, how greater than the son, [1274]249; Himself God, [1275]327; the Beginning of The Son, [1276]328; hath not His Being from The Son, [1277]329; nor from any other, [1278]329; The Son anointed by, [1279]339; One God with The Son, [1280]370; coeternal with Son imaged by coeval, [1281]371; doth what he will, never without The Son, [1282]371.

Father, human, supposed death of, inciting to lying, [1283]464; power of, over children, [1284]490; why greater than sons, [1285]370.

Fathers, Catholic, remarks on their writings, [1286]291; the Old, how they married, [1287]403, [1288]406, [1289]407, [1290]466; typical in their marriage of many wives, [1291]408.

Faustus, the Manichee, attacked Patriarchs' marriages: his pretensions and failure, [1292]448.

Fear, to displease God entertained by love, [1293]431; spoken of by St. Paul, [1294]432; likely to mislead, [1295]489; of God, His gift, [1296]534; patience founded on, [1297]535.

Feast, conversation at a, [1298]357.

Feigning, in our Lord no falsehood, [1299]494.

Felix, St., burial in his Basilica, [1300]539; appeared at Nola, [1301]548.

Fellowship, attainable without marriage, [1302]403.

Female, contrasted with male, [1303]408.

Fides, from fieri, [1304]476.

Figure, of speech, [1305]392, [1306]393; in speech, no lie, [1307]491, [1308]494.

Filth of soul, love of any thing but God and the soul, [1309]364.

Final goods, [1310]403.

"Finger of God," means the Holy Spirit, [1311]305.

Fire, saved by, expounded, [1312]259; coeval father of light, [1313]371.

Firmus, Bishop, courage of, [1314]468, [1315]469.

Flames of the world, [1316]438.

Fleeing iniquity, the greatest of all alms, [1317]262.

Flesh and blood, shall not inherit the kingdom of God, expounded, [1318]317; living after what? [1319]383; meaning of, in Scripture, [1320]383, [1321]384; how saved, [1322]387; Manichæan error concerning, [1323]388, [1324]389; as created, spoken well of by St. Paul, [1325]388; Christ's was true, [1326]389; not evil: likened to the Church, [1327]389, [1328]390; its works, may be sins of the soul, [1329]391.

Flood, the, a sacramental sign, [1330]303.

Flora, a pious widow, [1331]539.

Food, strong, not for the diseased, [1332]357, [1333]361; preserves man, [1334]407; uncooked, needs exercise to digest, [1335]518; stores of, necessary, [1336]518.

Fools, all who are not wise, and note, [1337]360; do best to follow the wise, [1338]361, [1339]363; cannot know wisdom surely, [1340]361; incapable of reason concerning God, [1341]363; easiest led by means of sense, [1342]363, [1343]364.

Foreknowledge, of God, [1344]271, [1345]302.

Forgery of wills, [1346]488.

Forgiveness, of debtors, [1347]261; of sins, realized in baptism, [1348]374 sq.; asked by all, shows all sinful, [1349]443.

Fortitude, spirit of, [1350]535.

Fowlers, why the, cover up waters, [1351]348.

Foxes, who? [1352]436.

Free, why man is left, [1353]385.

Free-born, love is of, [1354]535.

Free-will, lost by sin, [1355]247.

Freedom of the will, See Will, is the gift of God, [1356]248; man created with, [1357]271.

Friendship, founded on faith, [1358]337; exists before fully proved, [1359]338; none without faith, [1360]358; attainable without marriage, [1361]403.

Fronto, informant of Consentius, [1362]483.

Fruitfulness, not to be compared to virginity, [1363]419.

Fruits, thirty, sixty, and hundred fold, [1364]434.

Future life, continence profitable for, [1365]420, [1366]421, [1367]423, [1368]424.

Games, illustrate the Christian conflict, [1369]372; what men will suffer for, [1370]528.

Gaul, martyrs of, [1371]542.

Generation, preserves mankind, as food man, [1372]407; of mortal creatures is by corruption, [1373]370.

Generation, of The Son from eternity, [1374]371.

Genius, finds not truth without God's help, [1375]358.

Gentiles, not to use Jewish customs, [1376]461, [1377]462, [1378]493; typified by the woman with issue of blood, [1379]494; idolatrous, called Pagans, [1380]509, [1381]511; debtors to Jews, [1382]516.

Gift, The Holy Ghost called, [1383]339.

Gifts, are all from God, [1384]432; prayed for, are not of ourselves, [1385]433; of different kinds, [1386]434; spiritual, one person may have many, [1387]549.

Girding the loins, what? [1388]386.

Glory, different degrees of, [1389]426, [1390]435.

God, to be worshipped through faith, hope and love, [1391]238; in what sense said to be angry, [1392]248; Grace of, displayed in Christ, [1393]249; in election, [1394]268, [1395]533; Peace of, [1396]257; pardons sin, but on condition of penitence, [1397]258; alone decides what sins are trivial and what not, [1398]262; does well even in the permission of evil, [1399]267; Will of, never defeated, though much is done contrary to His will, [1400]269; always good, but sometimes fulfilled through the evil will of man, [1401]269; Grace necessary to salvation before the fall, [1402]271; foreknew the sin of the first man, and ordered His own purpose. accordingly, [1403]271; is Love, [1404]275 sq.; severity of, [1405]287; finger of, signifies the Holy Spirit, [1406]305; exclusive eternity and omnipotence of, [1407]322; blessed Abraham, [1408]339; most fitly born of a Virgin, [1409]339; is not in any special place, [1410]341; the True, now invoked by all, [1411]342; if Almighty created matter, [1412]322; just in binding men by law, [1413]351; frees from the Law, but condemns it not, [1414]351; dwells in pure souls, [1415]353; reasons concerning, understood by few, [1416]358; helps those who go humbly and charitably, [1417]358; knowledge of, true wisdom, [1418]360; search for true religion presupposes faith in, [1419]361; cannot be displeased with our believing, [1420]361; demands faith, [1421]362; the wise most near to, [1422]363; mercy of,. shown in Christ, [1423]363; now known by nations not to be of earth or fire, [1424]364; Old Testament charged with false doctrine about, [1425]365; providence of, points out the Church, [1426]364; no substance but is of Him, [1427]365; Father of those to whom the Church is Mother, [1428]369; The Almighty Father, cannot lie or will wrong, [1429]369; Author of Incorruptibility: One Will of Father and Son, [1430]370; not lost by misfortunes, [1431]372, [1432]373; a Temple is for Him: He creates, Who clothes, [1433]374; permits evil, why? [1434]385; brings good out of evil, [1435]385; Manichæan heresy concerning, [1436]385, [1437]386; His nature, [1438]386; a Physician, [1439]386; not wanting under the law, [1440]449; destroys not free will, [1441]449, [1442]450; favor of, gives continence, [1443]449;. gifts of, no blessings unless owned, [1444]449; all good comes from, [1445]452; labors to win, pleasant, [1446]453; "hates" sinners, "destroys" liars, [1447]462, [1448]481; who unclean in sight of, [1449]465; hears our inward speech, [1450]471; wronged, though not hurt, by sins of luxury, [1451]474; to be honored outwardly as well as inwardly, [1452]482; Priscillianists erred concerning, [1453]484; sin against, worse than against man, [1454]485; sometimes heals secretly, [1455]486; we must depend on, after all means, [1456]497; will provide where we cannot rightly, [1457]500; impassible: passions attributed to: patience His Gift, [1458]527, [1459]536; Himself long-suffering, though not suffering, [1460]527, [1461]528; His wrath, jealousy: His "repentance" implies no error, [1462]527; cares for our body, [1463]529; not lost by will, [1464]530; riches of, [1465]531, [1466]536; patience likens to, [1467]532; assists the just, and justifies the ungodly. [1468]533; free mercy of, to old Saints, [1469]533; how first loves sinners, works in us good will, [1470]534, [1471]536; never lies, 565.

"God will have all men to be saved," expounded, [1472]267, [1473]270.

Gold, may be known and not had, [1474]361.

Goliath and Zaccheus compared, [1475]411.

Good, all things made, [1476]240; but not perfectly good, hence liable to corruption, [1477]240; there can be no evil where there is no good, [1478]241;. highest, not attained without loving it, [1479]363; brought out of evil, [1480]385; all nature is, [1481]386; in what degree attainable, [1482]387; man so created, [1483]388; the substance of the flesh is, [1484]390; superior, makes not lesser good an evil: some, implied in "better," [1485]443, [1486]446; more honored by having a good below it than an evil, [1487]444, [1488]446; fall from a higher, is an evil, [1489]445, [1490]446; all, comes from God, [1491]452; sin aims at some, in this life, [1492]474; temporal, may be given up without sin, [1493]474, [1494]475; three things to be kept, for sanctity's sake, [1495]475; luminous, of truth, [1496]498; impassible, [1497]532.

Goods, final and instrumental, [1498]403; when abused, become sin, [1499]403; of marriage are offspring, faith, sacrament, [1500]412.

Good works, men not saved by, [1501]247; follow faith, [1502]247; rewarded by eternal life, the gift of God, [1503]272.

Gospel, not to seem sold, [1504]508-[1505]510.

Gospels, said by Manichees to be interpolated, [1506]350.

Government, of mankind, [1507]385.

Grammarians, expected to find good sense in Virgil, [1508]353; several named, [1509]355.

Gratitude, due from virgins to God, [1510]433.

Greek, words borrowed from, [1511]349.

Greeks, philosophers, shoemakers, [1512]511.

Guests, duty of protecting, [1513]489, [1514]490.

Guilt, transmitted from progenitors, [1515]252, [1516]253.

Habits, hard to change, [1517]364.

Hair, bosses of, [1518]429; worn long by some monks: long, thought a sign of sanctity, [1519]522; St. Paul's rule against long, [1520]523; every, in God's keeping. [1521]529.

Happiness, knowledge of the causes of good and evil necessary to man's, [1522]242; of perfect knowledge not yet ours, [1523]359.

Head dress of women, [1524]429.

Health and immortality, two goods, [1525]403.

Hearers, order of, among the Manichees, [1526]348; what said of, when they left them, [1527]348.

Hearing, studiousness of, [1528]357.

Heart, its mouth, [1529]379-[1530]381: continence must be seated there, [1531]379; its consent, [1532]380, [1533]381; its language, [1534]379; picture of purity, [1535]392.

Heaven, the Church in, [1536]256, [1537]257; degrees of glory in, [1538]426, [1539]435.

Heresies, fight in vain against the Church, [1540]374.

Heresy, pretence of, may cause real, [1541]483, [1542]484; how to be exposed: sometimes healed secretly, [1543]486.

Heretic, not every one a, who believes heretics, [1544]347; what makes a, [1545]348; silence to be kept to a: each claims name of Catholic, [1546]355, [1547]356; spoils that claim by pretending to reason, [1548]357, [1549]363; cannot claim authority, or do without it, [1550]362; that on which we believe Christ is against them, [1551]363.

Heretics, or schismatics compared to twigs lopped off the vine, [1552]310 sq.; all, would have us believe in Christ, [1553]362; many ways condemned, [1554]365; yet in their sins, [1555]375; continence of, should not persuade us, [1556]448; widows and virgins of, inferior to Catholic wives, [1557]448; not to be tracked out by lying, [1558]482; sin less in speaking heresy than Catholics would, [1559]483, [1560]485; little harm in believing, when they pretend Catholicism, [1561]483; converted, may take comfort in their former ignorance, [1562]485; converted, will correct others, [1563]486.

Hidden life with Christ, [1564]392.

History, explanation by, [1565]349; of the Exodus allegorical, though true, [1566]350.

Holy Spirit, the birth of Christ is of The, [1567]250; is not the Father of Christ, [1568]250; Holy Spirit and the Church, [1569]255; is not a creature, [1570]256; sin against The, [1571]264; signified by the expression, finger of God, [1572]305; mission of, on Pentecost, [1573]308; The third Person of the Trinity, [1574]327; His individuality and offices, [1575]329; body of any Christian, a temple of, [1576]444; speaking in St. Paul, [1577]513.

Homicide, lying to screen from punishment, [1578]468; justifiable, [1579]469.

Honoratus, several of the name, [1580]347; one a companion of St. Augustin, a lover of truth, [1581]347; prayed for, [1582]348, [1583]349; how led astray, [1584]348; not then a Christian, [1585]348; his friendship with St. Augustin, [1586]351; will wonder at the Old Testament being called pure, [1587]353; called on to take more pains, [1588]355; a sincere and earnest inquirer, [1589]365.

Honorius, laws of, against idols, [1590]337.

Hope, everything pertaining to, embraced in the Lord's Prayer, [1591]273; worldly, its objects, [1592]348; of discovery implied in search, [1593]361; of Christians in the Judgment, [1594]374.

Horace, fable quoted, [1595]494.

House, temporal and eternal, [1596]496.

Humility, most needful for virgins, [1597]428, [1598]437; who would follow Christ, [1599]436; its praise, [1600]428; instances of, [1601]428, [1602]429; commended by our Lord, [1603]428, [1604]430.

Humility, taught by Christ, near his Passion, [1605]429; learnt of Christ, [1606]430; unfeigned, needed, [1607]434; treated of fully by