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Letter to Stephen bar Sudaili

Written before 521, perhaps about 510; the place is not known. The date is disputed or rests on weak evidence.

A warning to the monk Stephen bar Sudaili, who taught that the pains of hell will end.

Letter · first written in Syriac

Translated by A. L. Frothingham (1886). Stephen bar Sudaili, the Syrian Mystic, and the Book of Hierotheos (Leiden: Brill, 1886) Public domain. Source and rights

This text is not yet cut into sections. It is one long page with one address.

How we know the date and place
Date written not sure
A. L. Frothingham, Stephen bar Sudaili the Syrian Mystic (1886) (the text in the corpus): written while Stephen was still at Edessa, before he went to Jerusalem; no year. Jacob died in 521
Place written not known
A. L. Frothingham, Stephen bar Sudaili the Syrian Mystic (1886) (the text in the corpus)

3,769 words. 1 section.

Letter to Stephen bar Sudaili

§ 1

LETTER OF MAR YA'QOB TO STEPHEN BAR SUDAILI.

It is well for thee that thou walkest in glorious works, friend of God, and it is honorable for thy intelligent soul that in the love of God thou sowest daily excellent things unto the hope of God, for the time will come that thou shalt reap: and be not anxious regarding the fruits of thy good sowing, for when the laborer sows he considers, in his mind's eye, not the seed but the furrows full of fruits; and for this does he sow, that he may gather the fruits. For, when the soul comprehends the new world, it despises the possessions of the old world and hastens to divide them among the needy, that they may be for it as a treasure in the abode of light, where good things are given to the workers of good. But this troubled world is as grass , hay , or flowers: it is a shadow which recedes and hastens to pass and remove the day-light (?); a lovely flower, whose beauty soon withers and perishes. Its riches are a dream and its possessions a deceptive vision. Error attaches to its posses-

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C rfajlo. »i) With this word begins 14,587. n) C rdlxliA.

sions , as to the treasure-trove of a dream , which in sleep en- riches him who is asleep , so that he rejoices in a discovery which does not exist. When he awakes, he is ashamed and repents for making the mistake of rejoicing in unreal possessions. Awake l Awake! prudent soul! put on the strength of the arm of the Lord: flee from th6 vain visions of the night, and come, rejoice in the beautiful light of day. Cast away from thee the possessions which dreams give unto thee , and despise error, the corrupter of minds, which in vain visions bestows wealth upon lovers of a sleep full of every harm. Night vanishes, dreams are exposed; the world passes away, and its riches are made vile; and error, which the serpent in- troduced , is exposed by the light of the Cross. The desire of wealth and power, which reigned from the tree of knowl- edge , has been destroyed by the fruit which dawned from the tree of life. The guardian of Paradise has been removed , that the keys of the Garden might be given to the thief who was deemed worthy of the right hand. The lance of the Cherub has been taken away and the way to Paradise is open. The planter of Paradise has been wounded by the lance in the place of the thieving gardener, and he has opened the garden that those who were expelled might return to their place. The great law- giver descended from heaven, became the teacher of the world, and the creation was illuminated with his doctrine, (which is) that no man covet riches which he has not: ^provide neither gold nor silver nor brass in your purses, neither two coats, nor

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rdiioaA . rd^ix. r^\*iu\ pds^ipf.i . Ki^.ii<Ln Kftcoiflo vA

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a) C cbdllSL^£*a. b) B ^O^^jjKll, c) B ■% \^°i ^J^* d) C rt^tln. e) B rCisftCUb..! , C p^isocuA AK! /) C omits. g) C Auugot h) BC &u*=>. C vycaAn*'. &) B aioJl-&. i) BC K&Mjrta. m) B in&Ut* n) B OcaAo. 0) B caA , C cal. p) C rdlittJ5>A.

stave, nor scrip; and salute no man by the way" '). The way is fearful, for its pathways are full of snares. Pass on! leave the world and be not taken up with its affairs. The Lord says; „Take therefore no thought for the morrow; sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof" s ). Remember Lot's wife 8 ) and hasten your course lest the world ensnare you with its evils. If beauty comes to thee, despise it: if thou findest riches, tread them under foot: cast possessions behind thee: look not after power: let thy country, thy house and thy family be strangers to thee. The Garden is open and awaits thee: advance in haste to the beautiful bride-chamber. Lay not up unto thyself a treasure upon earth 4 ), for the earth is destined to destruction. Thou art called to heaven; give not thyself over to earthly things: paradise awaits thee; what willst thou among thorns? God begot thee of water and spirit, and brought thee up by the blood of His Son, and called thee to be His heir. Let thy nature move thee to love the Father who numbered thee among His sons. Oh ! work like a la- borer, and receive as thy wages the kingdom of Heaven. Oh! fear as a servant, and flee from the fire which threat- ens sinners. Minister unto the Father with a child's love. Do good, that thou mayest inherit the Kingdom: hate evil, that thou mayest be delivered from the fire. For on the fiery passage alms become a bridge to the givers of them, and he who has divided his possessions among the poor easily passes the gulf that is placed between the two sides.

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»yAxa ait ^Aco AA^aa »&tcA ^a&u&iKh c i< ; ufioi^ Auaa

ctAoa* i:uia i^iru.l ocoiAwa /^pcLaCUd A* &iAsa kAo r*& caA isorf.i prforAr*' ^a ^Mzi.i /rtLnllflo A*. <*cnl4Xo /K&u&nr*' caa A&JO /^.rfta Au.l e ncA CU£B* ar^ .yi\m ^isaKdea.i ^Acaa ,\\ ttAu kAi / rtfivuajLi i^uAa&l A^coia »rdlca^ kL^aA ^O-aA cAt.i .*kAj4j.1 rdli.i pa •^vaA n* V »» \ rd\ . y\ \ s, \.i rdion\a >AiA.i * ft* ■ o . >\sA.i r^icncui rdbosfereA rcA . r^ntti^ r£lcn^ r<Aa . rdsAcxx. ^rd^azjj aaiA rcAa . r£x»i caA Aui< KLiAJdaua 'Auk's

ca^i&i :u>^cV»c\ rdl&uj m Ard^. . p^i^ orA iur^ z rd*irj

r<Aa . °:u>A>cV\pc* "KlLoA* ca^.i&i . KilCMi^ <*in*rC v\l.l kAomso ^jsb cn^v «,^ai&ieWi:t rdLivA Ps>Cl-1 jjcH_&

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a) C i*^ b) C oa>VkCV c) BC insert &UOCO. d) BC caixlfi crA*k. e) B rcA aco pa , C rcA.i aisa. /) B omits. #) G isarC*cW:t. A) C kHjjO. t) C ^ordo.l. A:) C rd^CJtul rcAA. rct]baa>.l o. m) C caA Ard^.. n) B kAcu**. 0) C jjCU .twr^ p) C omits. 9) G KL&*a& ftAoMS*. r) B rdSQft. *) C inserts ^i^QKt t) C omits, u) C isarC? v) C paa<

//For I was an hungered and ye gave me meat : I was thirsty and ye gave me drink: I was sick and ye visited me: naked and ye clothed me. I was in prison and ye came unto me. Therefore come in peace, ye blessed of my Father* ' *). Who would not long for this word so full of every conso- lation, and hasten to disperse and distribute among the needy all his possessions , that he may hear God saying unto him, "Gome in peace"? And who is there that would not fear and be filled with terror and trembling and hasten to do good works, lest he be joined unto those to whom the terrible Judge says: //Depart, ye cursed, into everlasting hell". Life everlasting, and hell everlasting: there is no end to life, and no termination to hell. To the day-light which is on the right hand there is no evening, and to the outer night-darkness on the left there is no morning.

The bridegroom enters and the door of the bride-chamber is closed , and is not opened unto those who knock , lest the bride be covered with shame at the time when the honor of the bride-chamber should be guarded *). Noah closed the door of the ark and opened it not unto fornicators that they might be protected with him from the great deluge. When judgment has been rendered , supplication is of no avail. When the door of the bride-chamber has been closed, the bride 8 ) will not open unto the invited guests who entreat, saying: //Lord, Lord, open unto us M . But He answers and says unto them: //I know you not at all" *). He did not

»the bridegroom".

Frothingham, Bar Sudaili. 2

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• K'lCL-^t kA\J59cL»:i rci^iw v Kil*12tta CUil&ilK'

a) B ?<X.i cA. b) B i»rtf c ) B rdlrc^rw. J) C ^o&i&mA.i. e) B •^JU^^iv /) C rxHn*f< g) C inserts ^-»caA i-SBi< h) B ■-!-«- *< t) C *-»cpt. h) C inserts ^OaA VsoKb. I) C iJtol&Cft. m) C inserts ..i<&ia2^ »>>\^ >i\ti oil. n) C a&li*. o) C inserts ttMsaift pO.l ^CUaA VQr< p) C inserts »cb. q) C tGSCUXSaxSO. r) Here begins the extract in Add. 17,193. s) D

K&o\ul. CD rt'uVlria. w) C AteJLl. v) C erron. t ri/iVi . w) C omits. s) C en A b\A y) C correctly kLaAJLO. *) C

AvA. aa) C iafkO.

say, I will not open unto you, but //I know you not". The bridegroom answered the foolish virgins, who had willingly allowed the light of their lamps to go out, »\ know you not"; that is: //Raise not your supplications, for they will not be accepted ; defile not the chamber of the bridegroom when the honor of the bride should be guarded therein; remove the smoke of your extinguished lamps from the door of the bride- chamber, for behold the guests who are with the bridegroom .in the guest-chamber are illuminated with the lights of the wise virgins. Gome in peace, ye blessed of my Father; come in peace, ye givers of alms; come in peace, ye feed- ers of the poor; come in peace, ye sowers of good works; come, inherit the kingdom prepared for you on account of the excellence of your good deeds. Depart, ye cursed, into the fire prepared for the devil and all his ministers" *). //It is a most terrible thing to fall into the bands of the living God" *). It is an offence full of foolishness that, for the enjoyments of a short while, a man should be led into en- tering hell, to which there is no end. They work iniquities during a certain small number of days , but their torments have no limit of days or years, for there are no days or nights. Perhaps thou wilt say: How can a just judge, for

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K^i* >A^A . r^u all* >LA arCk rcAi f<i\t> . >LA.i

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sins committed during ten, twenty or a like number of years, condemn the sinner to fall forever into hell? But the judge is just and his judgments righteous, thou lover of rectitude ; for if it be not just that He should cast into ever- lasting fire him who has sinned during a short time, as is written; then also is it not just that He should cause him who has been righteous during a short time to inherit the everlasting kingdom. And if it seems to thee that the sinner should be judged according to the number of years during which he has sinned, it would then follow that the righteous should enjoy happiness also according to the number of years dur- ing which he practised righteousness. So that he who sinned during ten years would remain in the fire for only ten, and he who practised righteousness for ten years would also remain in the kingdom for only ten years and would then

If the first (proposition) be just , and the second also right (in consequence), then the thief who was on the right hand could have been but a single hour in the Garden of Eden, for he burned with faith but for an hour when he besought Christ to remember him in his kingdom.

It is not so, friend, it is not so; not according to thine opinion is the righteous judgment of the just God governed, (which is) that these should go into eternal fire, and the righteous into eternal life. The sinner who repents not, if he had lived forever, would have sinned forever, and

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•'causal jtta* 9fSkca* Kiicoa* .-»rC^rC^flo h* i Vt\ ^Ju^i

>i\\ \ rdico.i* K'.ico too °K&cUr^AG ."itij*iia yjaaabsi

rfcaAr^A ,i>\ «k pn \ n \ Kin***:! cal^wi* Ai* rdJL^oo ^OoA jifti«k * cnl i*v.n rcA.i* ,odcu*j * •^j* Ai<* . r oal*9^9 "V^u*. ocb i&AskA rtcatea .Kdtan»m:t rdJ^coi ^s* K^ioso

cn&as»a\* rrfhvuf J^L»&irth : K* visa rdiirt^a coi-^ .co&icuifift:! rdAco-i ^2n tcoasartco "cuaea&uth iK'ruwiks tt&iasarf.i Kb9^.i . ca=Dr^A.i reAiawv^a Khco isarC "^co

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according; to the inclination of his mind to continue in sin he justly falls into everlasting hell. For the rich man who filled his barns with many fruits said thus unto his soul: „Eat, drink, and be merry; thou hast much goods laid up for many years" 1 ). And thus his mind was bent on making merry for many years; his life therefore is cut off, but not his sin, for his mind was bent upon giving itself up to enjoyments forever. It is therefore justice which condemns this man to eternal fire, for, as far as his will was concerned, he would have lived forever in gluttony. Thus also the righteous man justly inherits eternal life, because, as far as his will was concerned , he contemplated serving God forever, although his life was, beyond his control, cut off by death from the course of righteousness. Job also, so admirable in the midst of temptations, is my witness; for, while he was attacked with ulcers and his body was cor- rupted with sore boils, the ulcers of his body mingled to- gether , and his members made putrid by the discharge from his sores, he spoke thus in the intensity of his anguish: '/Until I die mine integrity shall not depart from me. My righteousness I hold fast and will not let it go" 2 ) , and

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cn_A -__A;i rtliJOJLa rC*A»a__ba . re*A_._ac__ AAon K*vas.

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mine integrity shall never depart from me. What judge would not award the everlasting kingdom to this steadfast mind, thus bent on the course of righteousness that he might live forever!

Therefore it is meet for us to say, //Righteous art thou, Lord , and upright are thy judgments *) , and thy righteous- ness is above all blame. Thy ways are upright *) and in them are no stumbling-blocks". Justly does the sinner fall into fire everlasting, because his thoughts were bent on sinning for ever, neither did he turn unto repentance. The righteous also are worthy of eternal life, because they devoted their souls and minds to walk forever in the way of righteousness.

We ought , however , while we yet have time , to sow good works, that we may receive a great recompense for but little labor; for an excellent life of but few days, the kingdom of heaven which has no end. (We ought) to flee from pleasures of short duration, lest through them we bring upon ourselves eternal torments. But thou, pious man, hasten thy course after excellent things: //forget what is behind thee, and strive after what is before thee" 8 ). Let not the good thou hast done dwell upon thy mind, lest it prevent thee from doing what thou hast still to do. But every day that the sun rises upon thee make a beginning of goods works to do them, and every day complete them,

r^A.l.l . vU^.Tl &rd^.ci\ jtci&isac .°n*\ t.&i rtfA jn\^\o >LA.l c K&aAsA:i A \v* . c^&ia^ jA& Kbcoi\ rdsAojL. r^Lil ^iOodo .Ate-Aut AuK* -\j\iA» • toAox. ciA AvA.i

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». )n \\\a r< ■ ti\ KLn-^ua ,^i \\ \n rCiaA ^ i \co

»t&&.i /^aaA ;isar^oo.i ^Acna k bor* J^A*» . rflcocu.t rfi&iKla vca&Uto&i

a) BG )aA_x.& 6) C cn_^.i\. c) C rtdictAso. d) C ,ooa. c) B inserts f cb. /) C «^JU.l&VJ.l. g) BC r^ijion^.i. A) B inserts »*JSO. C fCDOSAjJia- *) C iC^Au C isoK&K'.l.

neither cease forever. Direct the faculties of thy mind so that without ceasing they do good works. As thou desirest to enter into the eternal kingdom which has no end, reflect, tremble, and fear the everlasting fire prepared for the wicked, who will be condemned by a judgment which has no end. Let this word of the terrible judge be present in thy mind which saith: #These shall go into fire everlasting, and the righteous unto life everlasting" ! ). May He by His goodness and love make thee worthy to be numbered among those to whom it is said, v\ was an hungered and ye gave me meat , I was thirsty and ye gave me drink", and with them mayest thou be a guest in the abode of light in life everlasting. Amen.

i pa Ati* r^iai >*o:t ocb rfit&te neSL&^o?

^120 Kifia^&i&ii K* 1 ^ \ Ant. cn-A Kbcp .v& • >cnasnlaox

KLiLirf jjAjl.i Kiirf A \ is ocaird i-*-\^ isu&r*' : etti&JLi

• covajfc ia& crA A\itag . # r<£&i& Arf i.ulio : ^a&<foaA

% QCUA91CO A&.i K&\l^.a rtlarc' t ci3G&ur<' i*\^ cuacn : i^i\nr> gcuila cAn goo . rd\^j»o T^viT.i KlisAcu Klsii^a >\ai.i K&cv °k 1 it ^-» iuj3.io kIak' % .iTttAu.i Kilo ccL&jtoiaa

• refcoArdA K'Auvd PCtUnJsa Aur^ 1 1 \j 000 . f^Aicu.ioco»a p^sAuA aoii A\3Uso.ia . co&cvak' Kbau paasal^.i rtLsa.ia A&\ sAznci . # r^iGUA^fioi^ A^. Ar** K'iaj* jifia&a % rti&:ia paa K\isAa& ^M rcAio . Kis^.i rtfsa& it^MVi Klsina .fT y \nift>lcoa Kl.iOca*o KLsjUjA Ar** . K'ctAk' A\cA Kli&&u:t

107 (f. 60 r. to 63 v.) which furnishes us the various readings marked C for the letter of Jacob of Sarug. The copy seems to be very correct; unfortunately, the close is wanting.